Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ...
Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ... Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ...
U.S. International Policy: 1933–1940 5 Moreover, the Japanese and Chinese were fi ghting in northern China and Russian Communists were helping the Chinese and pestering the Japanese. Asia was not peaceful. How had conditions reached this pass? Japan had been almost completely isolated from the civilized world until 1852 when U.S. Navy Commander Matthew C. Perry sailed into Edo (Tokyo) Bay on a mission from the United States government—to open Japan up to trade. After some time and a proper display of diplomacy, Perry succeeded in his mission. Japan westernized, industrialized and her population increased. Looking for resources to power her new industries, she expanded onto the relatively empty wilderness of the Asian mainland which China and Russia had previously claimed. Japan went to war with China (the Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895) in order to bring Chinese-controlled Korea into Japan’s sphere of infl uence. Th en after the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901) Japan cooperated with the international force of British, French, Russians, Americans, and Germans that lifted the siege of Peking. Some Japanese remained in northern China and in time Japanese traders developed a substantial textile industry there. However, Japan found herself in frequent confl ict with Russia, whose vast territory extended east to the Pacifi c, and who wanted a warm water port. Th e Russo-Japanese War (1904) was sparked by Russian intrusions into Manchuria and ended with Japan’s gaining control of that province. Japan’s rule brought law and order to Manchuria and in time it became one of the most peaceful and stable parts of China, attracting thousands of Japanese, Chinese and Korean traders and settlers. Japan was bringing civilization and stability to the region. Japan had been an ally of Britain and the U.S during the Great War (1914–1918) and she was included in the Washington Naval Conference (November 12, 1921–January 12, 1922) when the Allied military powers sought to reduce the worldwide arms race. Th e resulting Naval Limitation and Non-Fortifi cation Treaty
6 Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy cut the British-American-Japanese navies down in size to a ratio of 5:5:3 for capital ships. In the hope of maintaining peace in the Far East, an “Open Door” agreement was reached, providing that the participant nations have equal commercial rights of entry into China. Although China was not then a united nation, she was to have her integrity preserved. Japan was to be restrained from mainland adventures and to have no military planes or ships in the mandated islands. Japan resented the second-rate status to which she had been reduced by the Naval Limitation Treaty, and also the racial slur inherent when Japanese immigration was banned by the U.S. Exclusion Act (1924) and by Australia’s antioriental “Whites Only” policy. Moreover, Japan’s relations with the rest of the world deteriorated in the 1920s. Her markets for her chief export, silk, suff ered as a result of worldwide protectionism and the Great Depression and yet her dependence on U.S. oil and raw materials increased. Th ere was an explosion on the Japanese railroad line at Mukden on September 18, 1931, which was blamed on local Chinese. One faction in the Japanese military had been pressing their government to take a more expansionist role in Manchuria. Th e Japanese responded harshly to the Mukden explosion, fought the “bandits” and seized several of China’s northern provinces. Manchuria gained its independence and then on September 15, 1932, became a protectorate of Japan, Manchukuo. U.S. Secretary of State Stimson held that Japan’s intervention in Manchuria was a violation of international treaties and proposed, in place of the “Open Door” agreement, a “Nonrecognition doctrine” which would deny recognition to any nation which had acquired territory by aggression. Stimson wanted the U.S. to impose sanctions against Japan for her aggression in Manchuria. President Hoover vetoed the idea; he “was opposed in every fi ber of his being to any action which might lead to American participation in the struggles of the Far East. In this view he had the
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U.S. International Policy: 1933–1940 5<br />
Moreover, the Japanese <strong>and</strong> Chinese were fi ghting in northern<br />
China <strong>and</strong> Russian Communists were helping the Chinese <strong>and</strong><br />
pestering the Japanese. Asia was not peaceful. How had conditions<br />
reached this pass?<br />
Japan had been almost completely isolated from the civilized<br />
world until 1852 when U.S. Navy Comm<strong>and</strong>er Matthew C. Perry<br />
sailed into Edo (Tokyo) Bay on a mission from the United States<br />
government—to open Japan up to trade. After some time <strong>and</strong><br />
a proper display <strong>of</strong> diplomacy, Perry succeeded in his mission.<br />
Japan westernized, industrialized <strong>and</strong> her population increased.<br />
Looking for resources to power her new industries, she exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
onto the relatively empty wilderness <strong>of</strong> the Asian mainl<strong>and</strong> which<br />
China <strong>and</strong> Russia had previously claimed. Japan went to war with<br />
China (the Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895) in order to bring<br />
Chinese-controlled Korea into Japan’s sphere <strong>of</strong> infl uence. Th en<br />
after the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901) Japan cooperated<br />
with the international force <strong>of</strong> British, French, Russians,<br />
Americans, <strong>and</strong> Germans that lifted the siege <strong>of</strong> Peking. Some<br />
Japanese remained in northern China <strong>and</strong> in time Japanese traders<br />
developed a substantial textile industry there. However, Japan<br />
found herself in frequent confl ict with Russia, whose vast territory<br />
extended east to the Pacifi c, <strong>and</strong> who wanted a warm water port.<br />
Th e Russo-Japanese War (1904) was sparked by Russian intrusions<br />
into Manchuria <strong>and</strong> ended with Japan’s gaining control <strong>of</strong><br />
that province. Japan’s rule brought law <strong>and</strong> order to Manchuria<br />
<strong>and</strong> in time it became one <strong>of</strong> the most peaceful <strong>and</strong> stable parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> China, attracting thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Japanese, Chinese <strong>and</strong> Korean<br />
traders <strong>and</strong> settlers. Japan was bringing civilization <strong>and</strong> stability<br />
to the region.<br />
Japan had been an ally <strong>of</strong> Britain <strong>and</strong> the U.S during the<br />
Great War (1914–1918) <strong>and</strong> she was included in the Washington<br />
Naval Conference (November 12, 1921–January 12, 1922) when<br />
the Allied military powers sought to reduce the worldwide arms<br />
race. Th e resulting Naval Limitation <strong>and</strong> Non-Fortifi cation Treaty
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