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Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry

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<strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bahrain</strong> <strong>Independent</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inquiry</strong><br />

CHAPTER IX — ALLEGATIONS OF INVOLVEMENT BY<br />

FOREIGN FORCES AND FOREIGN ACTORS<br />

A. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 383<br />

B. ALLEGATIONS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INVOLVEMENT BY<br />

THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ............................................... 383<br />

C. ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY GCC<br />

FORCES ...................................................................................... 385<br />

D. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 387<br />

CHAPTER X — ALLEGATIONS OF MEDIA<br />

HARASSMENT<br />

A. FACTUAL BACKGROUND ........................................................... 389<br />

1. Allegations <strong>of</strong> harassment and defamation <strong>of</strong> pro-<br />

government journalists .............................................................. 390<br />

2. Allegations <strong>of</strong> harassment and defamation <strong>of</strong> anti-<br />

government journalists .............................................................. 390<br />

3. Allegations that <strong>the</strong> State-controlled media was biased<br />

and incited hatred and violence ................................................ 392<br />

4. Allegations <strong>of</strong> anti-government reporting that was false<br />

or biased .................................................................................... 394<br />

5. Allegations <strong>of</strong> mistreatment <strong>of</strong> foreign journalists .................... 395<br />

6. General allegations about censorship and media freedom<br />

in <strong>Bahrain</strong> ................................................................................. 396<br />

B. APPLICABLE LAW...................................................................... 396<br />

1. International Law ...................................................................... 396<br />

2. National Law ............................................................................. 398<br />

C. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 399<br />

D. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 401<br />

CHAPTER XI — MEASURES AND REMEDIES<br />

UNDERTAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT<br />

A. SUMMARY OF MEASURES AND REMEDIES ................................ 403<br />

B. TRANSFERRAL OF CASES FROM THE NATIONAL SAFETY<br />

COURTS TO CIVIL COURTS ........................................................ 404<br />

C. REINSTATEMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ........................... 406<br />

D. REINSTATEMENT OF DISMISSED EMPLOYEES ........................... 407<br />

E. LEGISLATIVE REFORM .............................................................. 409<br />

F. REVISIONS OF PROVISIONS OF THE PENAL CODE INFRINGING<br />

THE FREEDOMS OF OPINION, EXPRESSION AND ASSEMBLY ..... 409<br />

vii

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