the swedish section for detonics and combustion - KCEM

ON THE HISTORY OF
THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTION
(AFFILIATED WITH THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE IN 1955)
by
Stig R. Johansson
The Setting
Alfred Nobel 1833 – 1896.
It may not be a coincidence that the inventor of dynamite was a Swede ; Alfred Nobel. In Sweden, the
road towards industrialization was highly dependent on rock blasting, not only for the building of roads in
a physical sense, but also, e.g., for use in the mine industry. An important mile stone on the road – in a
metaphorical sense – is the building of railroads, and especially the railroad from the iron mine in Kiruna
over the rocky mountain ridge to the ice-free Atlantic shipping port at Narvik in Norway. This gigantic
undertaking around the turn of the previous century was facilitated by the fact that Sweden and Norway,
until 1905, constituted a union under Swedish supremacy. Projects like this boosted the Swedish
explosives industry, and engaged many skilful engineers, chemists, and physicists in the area of what is
referred to today as "energetic materials".

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The Founder
Professor Carl Hugo Johansson (1898-1982) at the time when his 1949 “working group” became a
Special Section of the National Committee for Mechanics within the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences,
KVA. (Courtesy the Royal Academy of Engineering Science, IVA.)
A skilful physicist of a later generation was Carl Hugo Johansson. After a master’s degree in 1917 –
at the age of 19! – in electrical engineering at Chalmers University of Technology, CTH, in Gothenburg
and further studies at the University of Lund, he became demonstrator to Professor Gudmund Borelius in
1923 at the Department of Physics at the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, in Stockholm. In 1939, he
was appointed assistant professor at that department, where, up to 1945, he was instrumental in developing
it into the prestigious Department of Technical Physics. Among his research achievements were the
discovery of the order-disorder rearrangement in metal alloys in the 1920s, and the periodic structure of
alloys in the 1930s. His research in the field of thermoelectricity led to the foundation of the absolute
thermoelectric scale.
During World War II, Carl Hugo Johansson was one of the first scientists employed by the Swedish
Military Physical Research Institute, which later became FOA, where he became deputy research director
in the field of explosives in 1945. The following year he was appointed manager of the recently-started
detonics laboratory of the Nitroglycerine Company at Vinterviken outside Stockholm. In 1957, he was
bestowed a personal professorship. The rest of his life was devoted to explosives and rock blasting
techniques. Detonics is, by the way, a word coined by him.

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The Background
Rock blasting
A paramount civilian use of explosives in Sweden is for rock blasting, not least in mines. Mechanical
and physical problems related to this use left their mark on the research activities in the field of explosives,
activities dominated by the Swedish Detonics Research Foundation , SveDeFo. From 1953 to
1963, Professor Johansson was managing director of SveDeFo, an organization which was also located at
Vinterviken.
Professor Johansson was a member of the Royal Academy of Engineering Science , IVA. He was
engaged in IVA’s Section for "fundamental and border sciences of physics", where he founded a committee
for rock blasting techniques ( Sw. Samarbetskommittén för bergsprängningsteknik). The purpose
was to create a discussion forum for furthering knowledge and exchanging experience concerning the
physical aspects of rock blasting.
The chemical side
While the application of explosives and other energetic materials calls for good knowledge in physical
and mechanical sciences, a deeper understanding of the processes of energy release has to be found in the
field of chemistry, especially within the recalcitrant investigation area of chemical kinetics. This release is
extremely fast, thus the term "energetic", so the study of the chemistry behind it was not – for experimental
reasons – really possible in the early days. The subject "Combustion and flame" ( Sw. Förbränningslära)
was therefore more or less excluded from the scholarly chemistry. But by and by the need for
chemical knowledge arose.
Since the academic institutions were of little help, and in order to do something about it, people like C.
H. Johansson in Sweden and Bernard Lewis in the U.S. founded scientific/technical bodies of practitioners
for the furthering of relevant knowledge, e.g., by means of conferences and colloquia.
Presentation of the Swedish "Section"
The Johansson body, or discussion group, called "working group" by him, was founded in 1949 as a
free and uncommitted society. Professor Johansson and Dr. Lewis knew each other, so when the Combustion
Institute was founded several years later, they decided that the Swedish "working group in
detonics" in addition should constitute the Swedish section, or subcommittee of the Combustion Institute;
the decision to that effect was taken by the Institute in 1955, the year after its foundation. Originally,
however, the word Section was not related to the Combustion Institute.
In 1939, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, KVA, founded a "national committee for mechanics”
(Svenska nationalkommittén för mekanik). This committee was subdivided into a number of "special
sections", and in 1954 C. H. Johansson’s group was accepted as "the special section for detonics"; "and
combustion" was added later, probably when its personality was split and it became a section of the
Combustion Institute as well. Later "special" was removed, and the name "Sektionen för detonik och förbränning"
(The Section for Detonics and Combustion) was established.
It is doubtful whether the term " detonics" was ever properly defined. It may, anyhow, be regarded as a
handy abbreviation of "sciences and applications of PEP substances", where "PEP" stands for Pyrotechnics,
Explosives, and Propellants, alias "energetic materials".
The Section’s "personality"
The Section is very informal, and is run without formal by-laws. Implicit by-laws exist, though. They
are registered in the minutes (and in 1998 codified as a separate document) of the meetings of the Working
Committee, in the case decisions of this kind were taken. One such by-law states that the Section’s "board"
should consist of an unspecified number of engineers, scientists, etc., engaged in production, R&D, and
application of energetic materials in a broad sense ( i.e., including conventional fuels for heat and power
production). Another one states that the Section should be managed by a team – the Executive Committee
– consisting of the President, the Vice-President, and the Secretary. The appointment of these officers is
the responsibility of the Working Committee, not of the membership at large, for which no formal annual
meetings are held. As a consequence, the composition of the Working Committee – "which when needed

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renews itself", as the codified by-laws state –, and especially the Executive Committee, tends to be rather
permanent (vide infra); people are welcome to stay as long as they wish and think they can contribute.
This means stability, but not at the expense of hampering the realization of new ideas; the problem, if any,
is rather to activate the members in that respect. Membership is gratis, and no fees are paid to the officers
of Executive Committee, or to members of the Working Committee. All work done is truly idealistic.
All this makes the Section a rather special organization. The Working Committee, and especially the
Executive Committee, supports the members by providing them with information and by arranging
conferences, lectures, courses, etc.
The Swedish Section has more than 280 members, thereof 9 % in the other Nordic countries, except
Iceland. Members span from people with practical production experience and workers in the field to
company managers in industry, and from students to professors at academic institutions. This span reflects
the Sections ambitions: to bridge the unfortunate gap between the world of practical experience and need
(“know how”) and the knowledge-generating, scientific world (“know why”).
The purposes of the Section.
The Working Committee corresponds to C. H. Johansson’s original discussion group. The points below
were formulated by this discussion group, and are primarily instructions for the Committee, the execution
of which being to the benefit of the membership at large:
• Supply information concerning ongoing investigations performed at domestic as well as at foreign
research institutes.
• Arrange contacts between domestic and foreign research institutes.
• Supply information on scientific conferences.
• Supply information on scientific and technical literature.
• Arrange lectures and colloquia on questions of common interest.
• Invite foreign scientists to lecture, and in connection therewith arrange visits to domestic institutes.
• Organize task forces for solving fundamental research problems, measuring problems, etc.
• Further educational activities.
In later years, an additional activity took over, viz., the arranging of national and international conferences.
But this activity is in fact of an overall nature and encompasses all the original intentions above.
As from 1970, one to three newsletters ( Sw. Meddelanden) per year are distributed to the members.
With a few exceptions, this is nowadays done electronically. In addition to pieces of general information,
such as a list of up-coming conferences, the newsletters also contain contributions from the members,
debate articles, etc.
The Executive Committee
The number of presidents since the foundation more than 50 years ago is only four (4). The number of
secretaries is slightly higher: five. The first vice-president was elected in 1960, the fourth in 2003. The
personnel history is given in Appendix 1.
The Working Committee
The function of the Working Committee is mainly advisory. It consists of persons with scientific and
practical experience within the Section’s activity areas.
Meetings are held irregularly, one to four times per year, as need may be. The Section is homeless, as
far as real estate is concerned, so the meetings are as a rule combined with study visits to PEP- and combustion-related
companies and institutions.
Presently, the numerical strength of the Working Committee is twelve.
In December 1997, KVA’s national Committee for Mechanics discontinued its "special sections". This
was unfortunate for the Section, not so much because the royal status disappeared, but mainly because the
Section’s name had become internationally known and something of an established trademark. (Changing
into "The Swedish Association for Detonics and Combustion", or something like that, was felt as detri mental as if

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the Coca-Cola Co. should change its name to "The No. 1 Beverage Co."). But luckily enough, the affiliation with
the Combustion Institute remains.
Dr. Jan R. Hansson (1919 – 2001)
the Section’s secretary 1958 –
1966 and president 1966 - 2000.
On 17 October 1969, the Working Committee held a meeting at the then Swedish Match’s central R&D
laboratory, ILAB, Jönköping, The persons are, from left to right, Gösta Magnusson, ILAB, Stig Peterson,
Bofors, Per-Anders Persson Nitro Nobel, Karl Svänsson, FMV, Carl Hugo Johansson, Jan Hansson, FOA,
Lars Rossing, FFV, Per Rönström, ILAB, Stig Jonströmer, Express Dynamit, Stig Ek, FOA, Stig Johansson,
ILAB.

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Co-operation with the Swedish Competence Centre for Energetic Materials, KCEM
The reorientation of military research in Sweden after the end of the cold war in addition to the restructuring
of the Swedish military and civilian explosives industry meant difficulties for the Section to get
people to volunteer for the practical work connected with the arranging of conferences.
A good solution to this problem presented itself when the Swedish Competence Centre for Energetic
Materials, KCEM, came into existence on 1 January 2002. A close, informal co-operation was agreed
upon, which – among other things – secured the continuation of the Section’s well-established international
conference series.
KCEM resides in Karlskoga, “the Nobel town”. It is a non-profit foundation, which counts among its
members various national-defence organisations, universities, and manufacturing companies. Some
KCEM projects are financed by the European Union, EU. Among these projects is a distance-learning
system for training personnel engaged in companies manufacturing pyrotechnic and explosives products.
International Conference Series
Erik Nilsson, managing
director of KCEM, and
Stig Johansson, the
Section’s secretary on
the occasion of the third
disposal conference in
Karlskoga in November
2003.
The Section runs three international conference series dealing with special PEP and combustion issues,
viz., ageing and stability of explosives and other PEP materials, pyrotechnics, and (environmentally
friendly) disposal. The conferences constituting these series are:
• The International Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives
(the S series, which started in 1967).
• Pyroteknikdagen (The Pyrotechnical Day), (the P series, which started in 1969).
• The International Disposal Conference (the D series, which started in 1997).
International Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives
This series, the " S" series, was started in 1967 by the then president, Dr. Jan Hansson, FOA. Being
responsible for stability testing of energetic materials, he searched for faster and more reliable methods.

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“Science unites”; Professor Sergej Novikov, Fellow of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Dr. Jacob Savitt,
U.S.A., Professor Momotaro Suzuki, Japan, and Dr. Jan Hansson, 1 June 1976, at the 4th Stability
Symposium, S 4, at Mölle.
This work led him to introduce thin-layer chromatography and micro- calorimetry – and an international
communication and discussion vehicle.
The S series has become an internationally recognized conference series for presenting and discussing
new findings concerning, e.g., chemical kinetics and test methods related to the ageing of PEP materials,
and safe handling of ammunition. Twelve conferences have been held so far; the thirteenth takes place in
June 2004.
At the outset, participation was based on personal invitation only. This limitation is no longer valid, but
the number of participants is nevertheless kept on the low side. Depending on the capacity of the venue
chosen, a typical range is 50-70 participants. This size makes possible one of the ingredients of the “Jan
Hansson touch”: intimacy.
The degree of "internationality" is rather high: around twenty countries are, as a rule, represented. In
the "cold war" days, the series meant a possibility for scientists from the East and the West to meet and
become personal friends. This kind of "match making" was one of Jan Hansson’s distinguishing marks.
He himself had personal friends in many countries, from China to Japan – counted westward. Even if
English was the common language, his knowledge in Russian and Chinese, in addition to German and
French, strengthened the contacts with foreign scientists.
As from the 12th Symposium in 2001, future conferences will, in honour of the creator, be officially
named " Jan Hansson Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives ".
Future conferences will be arranged in close co-operation with KCEM.
Appendix 2 is a list of the 302 papers presented so far and published in the Section’s green-coloured
proceedings volumes. The listing is in alphabetical order by presenter/author.

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Traditionally, these conferences start with a welcoming buffet supper Sunday night and end the
following Thursday morning. Monday night, a "socializing" banquet takes place. The banquet is preceded
by some kind of entertainment, usually a folk dancing performance. A spouses programme is run in
parallel with the sessions, except for Tuesday afternoon, when a common excursion is arranged.
The pictures below are snapshots from the various "S" activities. The tenth Stability Symposium, S 10,
in 1995 meant jubilee celebration. Professor Per-Anders Persson, New Mexico Tech, U.S.A., a collaborator
with Carl Hugo Johansson and a long-time member of the Working Committee, spoke at the banquet
in honour of the occasion – and of Jan Hansson. The speech is included in the S 10 proceedings. Here is
an excerpt:
These symposia have developed, as conceived by Dr. Hansson, into a permanent Swedish
international feature in energetic materials science. Each has a select, limited number of
invited speakers who all stay at the same hotel for the duration of the meeting. Each is timed
to coincide with the week the short Nordic summer is at its most beautiful.
Dr. Hansson has been able to attract the best of the scientists from around the world to
these Symposia. The proceedings volumes, in addition to becoming the main economic support
for the Section, have developed into an important source of high-class information about the
stability of explosives. This has undoubtedly contributed to increased safety in the explosives
industry, though no one can count exactly how many accidental explosions have been
prevented and how many lives have been saved by the work done by Dr. Hansson and those
working with him in arranging these unpretentious Symposia on Chemical Problems
Connected with the Stability of Explosives.
Enjoying their Sunday buffet of S 10 at Margretetorp
in 1995 do Dr. and Mrs. Tung-Ho Chen,
Picatinny Arsenal, U.S.A., (window), and Dr. and
Mrs. Peter Laye, University of Leeds, U.K., (foreground).
Peter’s happy countenance pleases the
arrangers.
Dr. Marcel Hanus, University of Pardubice,
(left), and Dr. Jan Petrzilek, Synthesia A.S,
both Czech Republic, have just arrived to
S 10 at Margretetorp in 1995 and load their
buffet plates.
To honour where honour is due, at S 7 at Smygehamn in 1985, Hannu Helama, Kemira Oy, Finland,
presented a paper on "experimental studies to produce a composition which is able to resist decomposition";
the title is "Composition – Decomposition". The "paper" was presented by a bassoon, a clarinet, a
flute, an oboe, and a French horn playing the movements "Nitrocellulose", " Nitroglycerine", Diphenyl-

amine", " Centralite" and "Jan Robert Hansson", respectively. The score is published in the S 7 proceedings.
A secluded place in a rural setting is always the preferred and chosen venue. The pictures show the halftimbered
house of the Margretetorp estate, which was the venue in 1995 The couple in the foreground
to the right is Dr. and Mrs Tung-Ho Chen, U.S.A.
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Dr. Lars-Erik Paulsson, FFV Materialteknik Karlskoga AB (today Bodycote CMK) presents his paper
"Degradation of nitrocellulose. Some microcalorimetric studies" at S 9 at Margretetorp in 1992. Staying
at the same place with two successive conferences is out of the ordinary. But people liked this one. To the
right: Professor Bengt Nygård, Uppsala University, one of the session chairmen at S 9.

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Excursion to the harbour of Torekov during S 9 at Margretetorp in 1992.
Joyful execution of Swedish folk dances in 1992. The folk music fiddlers at Margretetorp at S 9 in 1992.

Mr. Björn Söderberg, Hansson’s Pyrotech AB,
demonstrates ”supermarket pyrotechnics – an
easy way to home-made explosives" (as was his
title) – at S 5, Båstad 1979. None of the materials
was labelled “energetic material”; everything
was purchased in an ordinary super -
market.
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Among the participants at S 5 were Mr. Kjell
Løvold, Dyno Industries, Norway, Dr. Erwin
Sommer, Austria and Mr. Noel Tozer, Australia.
The then vice-president, Mr. Ola Listh, presents the president, Dr. Jan Hansson, a ground Orrefors
crystal bowl on occasion of the 10th stability conference, Margretetorp 1995.
A bowl-holding Jan Hansson surrounded by Ola Listh (to the right) and Per-Anders Persson (to the left),
who spoke well in honour of the occasion.

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Group-picture from S 12 in Karlsborg 2001; 51 delegates from 19 countries took part in the conference.
Pyroteknikdagen (The Pyrotechnical Day)
This series, the P series, was also started by Dr. Jan Hansson. The first conference took place in
Stockholm in 1969, the 9 th and latest one in Lund in 1990. Whether "last" has to be substituted for "latest"
remains to be seen. The decline of pyro matters in Sweden has put the Pyro Day in a state of stand by.
The first conference was a national – or rather Nordic – one, with all the nine papers presented and
published in Swedish. At the second conference in 1971, five out of seven papers were presented in
Swedish by Swedes but published in English. It was not until 1973 that a non-Scandinavian foreigner
appeared and started the internationalisation of the P series; his name was Professor Joseph H. McLain,
President of Washington College, Chestertown, MD, U.S.A.
Appendix 3 (pp. 42-47) lists the 84 papers presented and published in the Section’s red-coloured
proceedings volumes.
International Disposal Conference
The D series, was started in 1997 by Dr. Stig Johansson. With an R&D background in pyrotechnics
(matches), combustion and flame (disposal of match waste), and in the management of a CEN (the
European Standardization Organization) working group on standardization related to disposal of used
packaging by way of combustive energy recovery, he thought that a forum for discussing various aspects
of PEP and combustion-related disposal issues was worth trying. The common scientific feature is
"chemical conversion in self-propagating reaction zones" (an essential component of a strict scientific
combustion definition presented by Dr. Johansson at P 1 in 1971, and anew at D 1 in 1997).
Of course, the idea of merging areas traditionally considered to have nothing in common was
questioned. Therefore, the preface of the second proceedings volume may tell why the Section decided to
continue the series:
The previous International Disposal Conference, held in Lund in November 1997,
was a tentative thing to which we did not dare to assign an ordinal number at the
outset. Fortunately enough, the trial balloon turned out to fly all right, so we took a

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chance and issued the collection of papers as Proceedings of the First International
Disposal Conference.
Three years later we could notice with relief and pleasure that the second
conference worked out quite well also, and resulted in the present “Volume 2”.
Admittedly, joining together such diverse zone reaction phenomena as those
connected with combustion in incinerators and reclamation of items designed to
deflagrate or detonate (e.g., munitions) may seem a bit out of the ordinary. But so are
burning and flames, detonations and explosions, and, especially so, environmental
and safety problems related to them. Better control requires deeper understanding of
what is going on, and – probably more often than not – thinking along new lines.
Exploring and discussing such a common feature as chemical conversion in selfpropagating
reaction zones at large might therefore be worth trying. Furthermore, in
order to speed up the refining of available “know how” into “know why” – that is
what scientific research boils down to –, all types of deflagration and detonation
processes should be studied and analysed together. Here bits and pieces of the
immense body of practical experience constitute the necessary vehicle. Many speakers
rode it.
A new feature this time was the self-ignition theme, a theme that light was thrown
upon from different angles : theory, cases, and practical demonstration. Understanding
the nature of zone reactions should, of course, include an understanding of how
they come about, i.e., of the ignition process, self-ignition being the most treacherous
and insidious one.
As long as fires, emission of stack gas, handling of explosives, etc., continue to
bother mankind and the environment, especially in connection with disposal and
demilitarisation processes, we will try to continue these interdisciplinary-based conferences.
The second conference was held in Linköping. The third, which was held in Karlskoga in 2003, was a
success beyond all expectations. In fact, the three years interval has been questioned – it is too long.
The pictures below are from D 3 in Karlskoga, 10-11 November 2003.
Appendix 4 contains the 66 papers presented and published so far. The "colour" of the D series is
yellow.
Survey of Combustion Research in Sweden
This conference was held at the Chalmers University of Technology ( CTH) in Gothenburg 21-22
October 1998. It consisted of eight plenary lectures and 61 poster presentations and had gathered 108
participants, of them 107 from Sweden.
This conference was meant to be the start of a " C" (for "combustion" of non-PEP fuels) series, but the
C people preferred to go their own way and founded the Nordic-Scandinavian Section of the Combustion
Institute in 1999.
(Geographical note: according to the Swedish National Encyclopaedia, the Nordic countries are five:
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Scandinavia sometimes stands for Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden, sometimes for these three countries plus Finland, and finally for the Scandinavian peninsula,
i.e., Norway and Sweden. Inappropriately, the five Nordic countries are now and then called Scandinavia.)
The 16th International Pyrotechnics Seminar
The subject conference was arranged by the Section in "the Match Town of the World", Jönköping, in
1991. This was a big commitment that required the involvement of Jönköping’s commercial conference
and exhibition centre, Elmia. Twenty countries were represented with a total of 158 participants. Dominating
countries were, in order of magnitude, Sweden, U.S.A., U.K., and France.

The Section’s vice-president, Professor Dan
Loyd, Linköping University, opens the 3rd
International Disposal Conference (D 3) in
Karlskoga 2003.
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Professor Michael Liberman, Uppsala
University, delivers his plenary lecture at
D 3. It was titled "Flame, Detonation, Explosion
– When, Where, and How They
Occur”.
Group-picture from D 3 in Karlskoga in November 2003; 54 delegates from 7 countries took part in the
conference.
Appendix 5 contains the titles of the 68 papers presented at 16th IPS and published in the IPS volume
Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Pyrotechnics Seminar , Jönköping 1991, xiv + 967 pages.
(ISBN 91-630-0551-4).
At the exhibition, which was run in parallel with the conference by Elmia, the Swedish Match Co. saw
to it that Jönköping could live up to its nickname “the Match Town of the World” by presenting an
entirely environment-friendly match: no sulphur, no hexavalent chromium in the head composition. This
match has been on the market ever since.
Joint European Combustion Symposia
1992: Together with the French and the Italian section of the Combustion Institute, the Swedish
Section organized a joint combustion symposium held on Capri, Italy, 21-24 September 1992.
1996: Together with the Portuguese, British, and Spanish section a similar combustion symposium was
organized; it was held in Funchal, Madeira, 27 July – 2 August, 1996.

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County Governor Gösta Gunnarsson opens the 16th International Pyrotechnics Seminar (IPS) in Jönköping,
24 June 1991. (Courtesy Jönköpings-Posten, Jönköping.)
The 16th IPS was combined with an industry exhibition, organized by Elmia, at which the Swedish Match
Co. presented its new, environmentally friendly match (no sulphur, no hexavalent chromium, no zinc in the
head composition). Stig Johansson, the company’s R&D manager and the Section’s secretary, demonstrates
the “green” match to Working Committee member Sture Lundin and the Section’s president, Jan Hansson.
(Courtesy Jönköpings-Posten, Jönköping.)

Excursion in 1991 by the steamer "Trafik" from
the harbour of Jönköping to the island of Visingsö
in Lake Vättern. After a sight-seeing tour on the
island, the conference banquet was held there.
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Happy Americans: Barry Fetherolf,
Pennsylvania State University, and Susan
Hemerly, who was about to become another
Fetherolf. The dinner was served in a tent
because the restaurant building was too small.
Occasional National Conferences
Separate conferences on specific topics have been organized as follows:
• Initiering av sprängämnen (Initiation of Explosives), Stockholm 1955.
• Reaktionskinetik för explosivämnen (Reaction Kinetics of Explosives), Stockholm 1957.
• Sprängämnens verkan på fasta kroppar (The Effect of Explosives on Solid Bodies), Stockholm
1959.
• Symposium om drivmedelsfrågor (Propulsion Issues), Stockholm 1961.
• Colloqium om testmetoder för klassicering av explosiva ämnen (Test Methods for Classifying
Explosives), 1963.
• Förbränningsproblem i samband med framdrivning (Combustion Problems in Connection with
Propulsion), Stockholm1967.
• Symposium om förbränningsfrågor, speciellt för strålmotorer (Combustion Problems, Especially
Concerning Jet Engines), 1964.
• Förbränningsdag (Combustion Day), Gothenburg (co-arranger: The Department of Energy
Technology and Center for Energy Technology, CTH), in 1982.
The Section has co-sponsored the following conferences:
• Sixth International Colloquim on Gasdynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Stockholm
22-26 August 1977.
• Nordic Conference on the Effect Properties of Explosives. Karlskoga, 21-22 May 1987.
Lectures and Discourses
In accordance with the Working Committee’s "5th commandment", a number of lecturers have been
invited for informing Section members about new findings and experiences. Information prior to 1961 is
scarce, so the list below is not a complete one. All lectures, except a 1955 and the 1993 ones, were
delivered in Stockholm.
1955: Professor F. P. Bowden, The Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, U.K.:
Sept. 26 1. Lecture on initiation
Sept. 27 2. Lecture on friction.
Sept. 29 3. Lecture on friction in Gothenburg.
1961: Professor K. K. Andrejev, Mendelejev Institute, Moscow, Soviet Union:

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February 1. Der termische Zerfall von Propantrioltrinitrat.
2. Über das Brennen von Nitraten einiger Alkohole.
3. Die Empfindlichkeit von Explosivstoffen.
June Dr. R. J. Eichelberger, Aberdeen Proving ground, U.S.A.:
Solid State Transducers for Recording of Intense Pressure Pulses.
1962: Professor Melvin A. Cook, University of Utah, U.S.A.:
May Detonation-generated Plasmas.
June Professor Robert F. McAlevy, Stevens Institute of Technology, U.S.A.:
1. Ignition of Solid Propellants.
2. The Steady Deflagration Phenomenon in Solid Propellants, Instability, etc.
1963: Dr. S. J. Jacobs, U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Maryland, U.S.A.:
October Investigations Concerning Shock Initiation of Explosives.
Dr. Clarence Winning, Du Pont, U.S.A.:
1. The Initiation of Nitroglycerine and Nitroglycerine Explosives.
2. The detonation of Prilled Ammonium Nitrate.
1966: Dr. Jakob Franz Roth, Dynamit Nobel AG, Leverkusen, Germany:
December Prüfung der Empfindlichkeit von flüssigen und plastischen Sprengstoffen gegen die
Implosion von Luftblasen.
1967: Dr. Robert W. van Dolah, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.:
Initiation of Ammonium Nitrate and Risks Connected with big Stores.
1970: Mr. G. W. C. Taylor, ERDE, Waltham Abbey, U.K.:
September Research and development of Primary Explosives.
1971: Dr. Paul Eisenklam, Imperial College, London, U.K.:
September 1. Multistage Combustion.
2. Spray Combustion.
October Dr. Everett E. Gilbert, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, U.S.A.:
RDX and HMX Process Improvement Studies.
1972: Professor A. Dremin, Institute of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, Soviet Union:
June The Present State of Investigations of detonation in Condensed Explosives.
1974: Professors M. A. Lavrentiev and A. A. Deribas, Institute for Hydrodynamics,
March Novosibirsk, Soviet Union:
Some Hydrodynamic Problems of Explosives.
August Dr. H. Ahrens, Berggewerkschaftliche Versuchsstrecke, Dortmund, Germany:
Über selektive Detonation.
1975: Dr. Bernard Lewis, Combustion and Explosives Research, Inc. Pittsburgh, U.S.A.:
April Some Aspects of the Fundamentals of the Chemistry and Physics of Combustion.
1977: Professor Stanislaw Wòjcicki, Technical University, Warsaw, Poland:
March Coal Combustion and Explosion.
May Professor Ben T. Zinn, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, U.S.A:
Investigation of Smoke Particulates Generated during the Thermal Degradation of
Natural and Synthetic Materials.
June Professor Robert McAlevy III, Stevens Institute of Technology, U.S.A.:
Energy Storage Automobile Analysis.
November Professor Tadeuz Urbanski , Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polytechnica Warsaw,
Poland:
Some Trends of my Works on Explosives.
1978: Professor Peter Gray, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.:
May Self-heating, Spontaneous Ignition, and Thermal Explosion: Critical Sizes and Critical
Temperatures.
1979: Dr. Philip Thomas, Fire Research Station, U.K.:
December Methods of Practical Applications of Thermal Explosion Theory.

18
1980: Dr. Fred Volk, ICT, Germany:
November Alterungsverhalten von Raketenfesttreibstoffen und Treibladungspulvern.
1981: Dr. Philip Thomas, Fire Research Station, U.K.:
March Preflashover Fire Growth in Rooms.
October Mr. Jacques Lebegue, ETBS, France:
Testing of the Chemical Stability of Powder.
1982: Professor Clarke E. Hermance, University of Vermont, U.S.A.:
November A Physical Ignition Model of Sodium Nitrate Pyrotechnics.
1983: Mr. Ahti Mäki, Kemira OY, Finland:
January Air Blast Measurements with Various Explosives.
October Mr. Mats Olsson, Bofors AB:
Nitroglycerine Propellant – Past and Present Manufacturing Methods.
1984: Mr. C. Stalder, Eidgenössische Pulverfabrik, Wimmis, Switzerland:
September Loss Prevention by Compatibility Tests.
Messrs. D. Moles and J. F. Munoz, ETBS, France:
Small Gun Propellants Acceptance Test.
1985: Mr. H. C. Havron, Morton Thiokol, Inc., Marshal, Texas, U.S.A.:
February Electrostatic Sensitivity of Magnesium-Teflon Compounds.
1992: Professor Clarke E. Hermance, University of Vermont, U.S.A.:
September The Potential Effect of Roughness on the Ignition of Solid Propellants.
1993: Dr. Peter Lindstedt, Imperial College, London, U.K.:
December Aero-Thermo Chemistry of Pollutant Formation in Flames.
This lecture was arranged by the Department of Physics, University of Lund, and was
delivered at that department.
Professor Tadeusz Urbanski, Poland, and Dr.
Jan Hansson discussing explosive matters in
November 1977.
Short Courses
Professor Urbanski lecturing in Stockholm
15 November 1977.
The Section has offered the following short courses, which were held in Stockholm
1977, two days: Thermochemical Treatment of Explosives Stability . Teachers were Professor Peter
Gray, University of Leeds, U.K., Professor Ingemar Wadsö, University of Lund, and Dr. Jaak Suurkusk,
University of Lund.

19
1981. Thermal Explosion Theory – the Understanding and Interpretation of Thermal Explosion
Phenomena. Teacher: Dr. John Griffiths, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
1983. Fundamentals of Combustion Processes . Teacher: Dr. John Griffiths, University of Leeds,
Leeds, U.K.
Task Forces
Task forces for dealing with actual problems have been appointed on an ad hoc basis from time to
time. Typical questions of common interest have been selection and standardization of test methods for
PEP materials, and studying and commenting on new legislation proposals concerning fireworks and
pyrotechnics in general.
The 1960s: Working groups for establishing standardized test methods for explosives.
1974: Investigatory and examination work for the purpose of extending the Section’s activities in the
field of energy production by way of "ordinary" combustion (boilers, internal-combustion engines, etc.).
The aim was to appoint an engaged vice-president with the pronounced object to develop the Section’s
combustion area. Combustion research in Sweden in those days was, however, less extensive; in retrospect
the idea was obviously a quarter of a century ahead of its time.
1975: Study and discussion of a draft law for "regulating the pyrotechnical field with regard to public
life". The problem behind this was display accidents and nuisance (driving dogs and old folks crazy with
loud crackers, blasting people’s mail boxes, etc.) connected with fireworks. The task force’s verdict was
passed on to the law makers.
Publications
The Section has published – and sold – proceedings from all the conferences, symposia, and colloquia
ever run by the Section (see Appendix 6). In addition, the Section has translated Professors Andrejev’s
and Beljajev’s Theory of Explosives (item No. 4 on the list), which appeared in Russia in 1960, from
Russian into German. The German translation was published in 1964 by Erwin Barth Verlag in Germany.
Travelling Grants
The Section has given travelling grants to students and young scientists for enabling them to participate
in international conferences. The recipients and the conferences they went to are listed in Appendix 7.
In 1983, the Working Committee decided that these grants should be named Carl Hugo Johansson
Travelling Grant in honour of the Section’s founder.
"Back to the Future"
The Swedish Section of the Combustion Institute will continue its traditional activities in the areas of
energetic materials and combustion of ordinary fuels, thereby spanning all aspects from practical applications
and experience to academic research work. One of the tasks of the latter is to elevate practical
observations to applicable knowledge (know why). To judge from the endless occurrence of explosion and
fire accidents around the world, better and deeper understanding and knowledge of the fundamentals of
self-propagating reaction zones, especially ignition, are no doubt required.
The executive responsibility for the Stability conference series, though, will as from S 13 in 2004 be
taken over by KCEM, while the Section is responsible for the scientific content.
The need for a purely combustion-oriented, academic organization led to the foundation of the Nordic-
Scandinavian Section of the Combustion Institute in 1999. This distribution of the work means increased
strength in the PEP, i.e., energetic materials, and combustion areas, respectively. Fruitful co-operation is
provided for by exchange of board members. An example of a “non-PEP” combustion issue furthered by
the Section is combustive energy recovery of household and industrial waste, which is a very complex fuel
requiring advanced combustion and environmental-oriented cleaning techniques.

20
Fireworks display at the 8th International Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability
of Explosives, held at Strömstad in 1988.

21
APPENDIX 1.
The Swedish Section for Detonics and Combustion, its presidents, vice-presidents, and
secretaries 1949 – 2004. As from 1966, the President, the Vice-president, and the Secretary
constitute the Section’s Executive Committee.
Year Comment President Vice-president(s) Secretary
1949 An informal "working group" is Carl Hugo
– –
founded.
Johansson
1954 The group becomes a special
– Carl. G.
section of the Swedish national
Committee for Mechanics under
the Royal Academy of Sciences.
Jennergren, FOA
1955 Affiliation with the Combustion
Institute.
–
1957 – Tage Marklund,
FOA
1958 – Jan Hansson, FOA
1960 "Special Section" changed to Allan Wetterholm, Karl Svänsson, FMV
"Section".
Nitroglycerin AB
1961 Sture Lundin,
FOA
1966 Jan Hansson Karl Svänsson,
Allan Wetterholm
1969 Stig Johansson,
Swedish Match
AB
1989 Karl Svänsson,
Fredrik Hopfgarten,
Arizona Chemicals
AB
1993 Fredrik Hopfgarten,
Ola Listh, FOA
1998 The Section no longer a special
section of the National
Committee for Mechanics.
2000 Ola Listh
2003 Dan Loyd, University
of Linköping
Notes: FOA = National Defence Research Institute. FOA became FOI, Swedish Defence Research
Agency, in 2001.
FFV = Defence Ordnance Factories.
FMV = Defence Material Administration.

22
THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTION
affiliated to
The Combustion Institute
Papers presented at
- International Symposia on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of
Explosives, 1967 – 2007.
Number of papers: 332.
- Pyroteknikdagen, 1969 – 1990.
Number of papers: 84.
- International Disposal Conferences 1967 – 2010.
Number of papers: 117.

23
THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTION
affiliated to The Combustion Institute
PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FOURTEEN SYMPOSIA ON
CHEMICAL PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE STABILITY OF EXPLOSIVES
HELD 1967 – 2007.
S No. Year Place Number of published papers in:
English German French Total
1. 1967 Stockholm 12 6 0 18
2. 1970 Tyringe 15 5 1 21
3. 1973 Ystad 15 2 6 23
4. 1976 Mölle 12 5 7 24
5. 1979 Båstad 25 2 5 32
6. 1982 Kungälv 22 3 4 29
7. 1985 Smygehamn 18 1 3 22
8. 1988 Strömstad 20 2 1 23
9. 1992 Margretetorp 24 0 0 24
10. 1995 Margretetorp 30 1 1 32
11. 1998 Båstad 27 27
12. 2001 Karlsborg 26 26
13. 2004 Bäckaskog 20 20
14. 2007 Örenäs 11 11
40 Sweden 246 27 28 332
Since 1967, The Section for Detonics and Combustion has organized twelve symposia on Chemical
Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives. The symposia have resulted in twelve
proceedings with 301 papers in English, French, or German. These papers are listed by authors (the
first named is the presenter) below; year within parenthesis is the year of the symposium.
The proceedings of S 14 in 2007 are only available on a DVD. Compact disc papers are either of full
length (marked FL), just abstracts (marked Abstr.) or in the form of Power Point presentations
(marked PP) or slide shows (marked SS)

24
Adsersen, B. V.
Problems connected with the stability of propellants. (1967).
Ahrens, H.
Über den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Komponenten heterogener Sprengstoffe auf den Umsetzungsmechanismus
bei der Detonation. (1970).
Relationships between constituents of explosives, sensitivity to initiation, and initiating strength to be
taken into account in relevant testing methods. (1973).
Aizhong, L., Rushou , Z. & Yanping, G.
Determination of HMX in composite modified double-base propellant and HMX-NC-ball powder by
ultraviolet spectrometry. (1982).
Alm, A.
Studies on reactions between nitrogen oxides and diphenylamine compounds. (1967).
Mass spectra of stabilizers. (1970).
Almada, S., Campos, J. & Góis, J. C.
Kinetics of thermal decomposition of energetic materials. (1998).
Amer, A. A. & Mostafa, A.
Analyse thermique des esters nitriques. (1982).
Amer, A. A. & Tranchant, J.
Mécanisme de la décomposition thermique des esters nitriques. (1982).
Amman, R.
Is there a critical composition of reaction products of diphenylamine-stabilized nitrocellose
propellants during aging? (1976).
Ballistic shelf life prediction of the Gewehrpatrone 90 (GP 90). (1988).
Amman, R., Hilty, H., Pfeiffer, H. R. & Rauber, W.
Methods to evaluate the chemical stability of propellants using thin-layer and liquid chromatography.
(1979).
Asselin, M., Suart, R. D., Perrault, G. & Bédard, M.
GC/MS of DPA and its derivatives: Validation of a TLC propellants stability test. (1982).
Bahadur, K.
Study of some double salts of lead useful as initiary explosives by thermogravimetry and
thermometric titrations. (1973).
Balès, C. & Ruault, O.
Artificial ageing tests of propellants. Optimisation of ageing conditions to be representative of natural
ageing. (1998).
Barzykin, V. V., Merzhanov, A., Dubovitsky, F., Shtessel, E. A. & Shteinberg, A. S.
Thermal explosion of explosives in the liquid phase. (1970).
Bédrad, M., Perrault, G. & Suart, R. D.
The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in propellant ageing studies and
explosives analysis. (1979).
Beely, P., Gray, P., Griffiths, J. & Hasegawa, K.
Aspects of the spontaneous ignition of isopropyl nitrate. (1976).
Bellerby, J. M. & Gill, J. T.
Observations on the unpredicatble rapid decomposition ("anomalous behavior") of HAN-based liquid
propellants. (1995).
Bellerby, J. M., Sammour, M. H., Bunyan, P. F. & Carmichael, I. A.

25
The effect of ballistic modifiers on gas evolution from cast double-base pro-pellants. (1992).
Bellerby, J. M., Blackman, C. S., Gill, P. Welland-Veltmans, W. H. M. & van der Heijden, A. E. D.
M.
Decomposition of hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) between 40 °C and 80 °C. (2001).
Bellerby, J M., Gill, P P. & Mansell, J. ((2004).
Gases evolved from pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) in air at 100 °C. (2004).
Benchabane, M.
Reliability of stability predictions by gas evolution. Comparison with thermal analysis.(1992).
Bergens, A. & Nygård, B.
Decomposition of diphenylamine in nitrocellulose-based propellants. (1992).
Blachnio, B., Milewski, E., Miszczak, M & Szymanowski, J.
Application of DTA/TGA methods to research on and chemical stability assessment of composite
rocket propellants. (1998).
Blackman, C.V. & Bellerby, J. M.
The interaction between Otto fuel II and aqueous solutions of hydroxylammonium perchlorate (HAP).
(1998).
Blay, N. J.
Some relationships between the stability of nitrate esters and the stability of propellants. (1973).
Blay, N. J. & Dunstan, I.
Compatibility testing of primary explosives and pyrotechnics. (1970).
Boddington, T. & Laye, P. G.
Initiation and propagation of combustion in gasless pyrotechnics: A review of some work at Leeds.
(1979).
Boddington, T. & Griffiths, J. F.
Fundamental aspects of differential scanning calorimetry. (1985).
Boddington, T. , Laye, P. G., Tipping, J. & Griffiths, J.
Measurements of thermal conductivity using a scanning calorimeter. (1982).
Boddington, T., Gray, P. & Scott, S.
Recent advances in thermal explosion theory. (1982).
Boddington, T., Griffiths, J., Scott, S. & Hansson, J.
Thermal explosion of dispersed media: Criticality for discrete reactive particles in an inert matrix.
(1982).
Boddington, T., Cottrell, A. & Laye, P. G.
Times-to-ignition. (1985).
Böhm, O.
Dünnschicht-Chromatographie von Bleiazid, Knallquecksilber und Bleitrinitro-resorcinat. (1967).
Bohn, M. A.
Thermal decomposition behaviour of azido-based and nitric ester-based plasti-cizers and binders.
(1998).
The use of kinetic equations to evaluate the ageing behaviour of energetic materials - possible
problems. (1998).
Adiabatic self-heating and isothermal heat generation rate of rocket propellant formulation containing
ε-HNIW (ε-CL20) and GAP binder. (2004).
Compatibility of energetic materials – aspects of measurement and assessment. (2004).

26
Prediction of usetime of differently stabilized propellants for use in micro gas generator units for seat
belt pre-tensioners of cars. (2007). Abstr.+SS, 85 slides.
Bohn, M. A. & Volk, F.
Determination of the safe lifetime of a plasticizied nitrocellulose. (1995).
Bohn, M. A., Thome, V. & Kempa, P. B.
The interaction of the nitramines HMX and CL 20 with GAP and guanidine explored by computer
simulation. (2001).
Borgström, Ulf
Handbook for surveillance. (2007). PP.
Botma, B. & Schimansky, H.
A comparative study on analytical techniques used for compatibility testing of explosives. (1988).
Boyars, C.
Sensitivity and desensitization of nitroglycerin. (1970).
The compatibility of taggants used for the post-detonation identification of explosives. (1979).
Brönnimann, E., Herren, C. & Sopranetti, A.
Migration problems and ballistic shelf life of mortar propelling charges. (1992).
Brönnimann, Sopranetti, A. & Stalder, C.
A universal test procedure to predict the shelf-life of propellants. (1985).
A new safety concept for the development, processing and surveillance of propellants. (1988).
Brook, A. J. W.
Quality assurance aspects of stability testing of double-base propellants. (1976).
Brook, A. J. W., Kelso, W., Neil, I. & MacLeod, N.
An investigation of some aspects of the stability testing of nitrocelluslose-based propellants. (1979).
Brower, K. R.
The effect of pressure on the rate of decomposition of ammonium nitrate. (1988)
Brunet, L., Lombard, J. M., Ritter, H. & Blaise, B.
Relations with the chemical structure (radiochemical absorption, ionization potential) and the
sensitivity to impact of explosives for a family of nitramine molecules. (1995).
Bunyan, P. F.
Accelerating rate calorimetry studies on experimental hybrid propellant compositions. (2001).
Bunyan, P. F., Rowley, J. A. & Wu, Y.
An investigation of thermal stability of a bis dinitropropylformal/acetal-containing plastic bonded
explosive. (1988).
Byers, L.
Evaluation of newly manufactured Kel-F 800 as a binder for insensitive high explosives. (2007).
Abstr.+PP.
Caire-Maurisier, M. & Tranchant, J.
Mécanisme de la décomposition thermique de la nitroglycérine. (1976).
Chang Yung-feh, Liu Jung-hwa & Chuan-chin, L.
Thermal analyses used in the stability study of double-base propellants. (1979).
Chastant, G., Davenas, A., Lucotte, J. P. & Tranchant, J.
Evaluation du degré d’enrobage de l’hydrure de lithium par détection des gaz émanents. Application
aux études de compatibilité. (1973).

27
Chen, T. H., Campbell, C. Reed, R. A. & Liang, Y. L.
Application of a semi-finite linear diffusion model to the prediction of the life-time of a taggant in
Composition C-4. (1995).
Cherville, J., Linares, B., Poulard, S. & Schulz. C.
Un critère radiochimique de sensibilité des explosifs secondaires nitrés. (1973).
Cronwall, D, & Hildeby, B.
The use of thin layer chormatography in connection with protective technical supervision of powders.
(1967).
Cronwall, D.
Stability tests used for protective surveillance control of gun powders. Some aspects. (1970).
Curtis, N. J. & Kempson, R. M.
Recent activity in gun propellant stability research in Australia. (1988).
Deacon, B.
Nitrocellulose characterisation to support high explosive and propellant life assessment. (2007).
Abstr.+PP.
Debenham, D. F. & Owen, A. J.
The thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro 1,3,5 triazine (RDX) in 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene.
(1976).
Delpuech, A. & Cherville, J.
Relation entre la structure électronique et la sensibilité pyrotechnique des explosifs seconddaires
nitrés. (1976).
Delpuech, A., Cherville, J. & Maquin, J. M.
Relation entre la structure electronique et la sensibilité au choc des explosifs. – Contribution à l’etude
des interactions liant-explosif par chromatographie sur colonne d’explosif. (1979).
Dodds, J. S.
Current UK procedures for propellant shelf-life determinations. (1992).
Dodds, J. S., Cunliffe, A. V. & Tod, D. A.
A screening approach to propellant ageing assessment. (1998).
Dreyfus, M. & Leveque, M.
Autoinflammation des poudres propulsives. (1976).
Puissances calorifiques dégagées par les poudres homogènes: Résultats de mesures effectuées sur
divers lots de propergols neufs et anciens, par microcalorimétrie isotherme. (1979).
The chemical stability control on French propellants. (1982).
Modélisation du phénomène d’auto-inflammation des propergols et exemples d’application. (1985).
Druet, L., Asselin, M. & Bolvari, A.
Stability testing of gun and mortar propellants. (1985).
Druet, L., Hulst, A. G., Venema, A. & Wils, E. R.
Pyrolysis studies of plastic-bonded explosives. (1988).
Durtschi, A.
Existenzbereiche der festen Phasen im System Pb 2+ /2,4,6-Trinitroresorcin/H2O. (1967).
Eckhardt, D., Michel-Schulz, H., Otto, J. & Steidinger, M.
Mustersicherheitsbetrachtung für die Delaborierung von Lagermunition. (1995).
Eerligh, R.
Determination of the redistribution of solvents in freshly prepared propellant grains. (1982).

28
Ellison, D. S. & Chin, A.
Understanding the true driving force in the auto-ignition of single- and double-base propellants using
micrcalorimetry. (2001).
Ellison, D. S., Chin, A. & Wilson, J. A.
Interpretation of chemical oscillation phenomena in 20 mm gun propellant ageing process safety
service life study using microcalorimetry. (1998).
Elsby, S. & Bellerby, J. M.
Direct monitoring of nitrocellulose degradation using visible spectroscopy. (1998).
Enoksson. Elizabeth
Mechanical instability of ammonium nitrate due to phase transition. (1982).
Enoksson, Bertil
The cordite case in view of modern physical chemistry. (1985).
Enoksson, Elizabeth & Enoksson, Bertil
Syneresis of cellulose nitrate ethanol gels. (1985).
Flückiger, R.
The electrostatic behavior of explosives. (1982).
Flückiger. R. & Rochat, E.
Compatibility prediction of ammunition components by combined application of thermoanalytical
methods. (1985).
Flückiger. R., Daume, E. & Rochat, E.
Determination of residual solvents in single- and double-base propellants. (1979).
Fraser, A. M.
Assessment of the stability of propellants stabilised with Akardite 2. (1988).
Frey, M.
Stabilitätsuntersuchungen an Treibladungspulvern und Sprengstoffen mittels Wärmeflusskalorimetrie.
(1979).
Mikrokalorimetrische Messungen an Treibstoffen unter verschiedenen Lager-bedingungen und bei
Temperaturen im Bereich zwischen 30 und 90 °C. (1982).
Mikrokalorimetrische Untersuchungen an Treibladungspulvern. (1988).
Frota, O. & Araújo, L.
Of the chemical kinetics of the ignition of AP/AN-based composite propellants. (1995).
Frota, O. & Baily, A.
Small scale cook-off studies of explosives. (2001).
Geel, J. L. C. van
The isothermal heat-generation meter. (1967).
Geel, J. L. C. van & Verhoeff, J.
Heat generation measurements for the stability control of nitrate ester propellants. (1976).
Glazkova, A. P., Kazarova, J. A. & Saveljev, A. V.
Deflagration and thermal decomposition of mixtures of potassium nitrate with carbon and sulphur.
(1979).
Gray, P., Griffiths, J. F. & Beely, P.
Chemistry of isopropyl nitrate (IPN) decomposition at elevated temperatures and pressures. (1979).
Griffiths, J. F.
A general model to predict the safe lifetime of slowly reacting explosives and propellants. (1976).

29
Griffiths, J. F., Clifford, Kalderis, D., Hawthorne, S B. & Miller, D. J.
The kinetics of high pressure, subcritical water degradation of TNT, HMX and RDX on contaminated
soil. (2001).
Griffiths, J. F. & Kordylewski, W.
"Hot stacking" as a cause of spontaneous ignition during manufacture of explosives and propellants.
(1992).
Haeuseler, E.
Bemerkungen zum Stabilitätsverhalten einiger Sprengstoffe. (1967).
Hälldahl, L.
New techniques for thermal analysis. (1995).
Hälldahl, L., Ericson, T. & Randén, R.
A facile method for the study of thermal transport properties of explosives. (1998).
Hansson, Jan
On surveillance of propellants. (1970).
Microcalorimetric measurements on substances having self-ignited. (1985).
Hanus, M.
Characterization of castable system RDX/R-salt. (1995).
Harris, R. C.
Compatibility problems associated with pyrotechnics. (1970).
A detailed study of the titanium/lead chromate system. (1970).
Compatibility and stability problems associated with pyrotechnics: Progress 1970-73. (1973).
Hartgerink, J. W.
Thermal analysis of unstable substances - The exothermal decomposition meter. (1973).
Helama, H.
Composition Decomposition. Experimental studies to produce a composition which is able to resist
decomposition. (Sheet music). (1985).
Helama, H. & Kovero, E.
A modern method for determining the stability and stabilizers in solid gun propellants. (1982).
Heemskerk, A. H.
Stability of nitrocellulose propellants. (1988).
Hernandez, L.
Influence des caractèristiques physico-chimiques d’un explosif sur sa cinétique de decomposition.
(1985).
Hikiö, M. & Åqvist, G.
Compatibility testing of explosives and paints by chemiluminescence techniques. (1992).
Hillstrom, W.
Safer explosives with additives. (1985).
Hobson, D. & Laye, P. G.
Pyrotechnic reactions and phase diagrams. (1995).
Holme, I., McIntyre, J. E., Sykes, A. F. & Griffiths, J. F.
Combustion charcteristics of charcoal cloth impregnated with organic and inorganic oxidizers.
(1988).
Hopfgarten, F.
Purity determination of energetic materials by differential scanning calorimetry. (1988).

30
Hössjer, K.
Studies on the heat problem of burning gasless pyrotechnic compositions com-pressed in cylindrical
copper tubes. (1967).
Ignitability and reaction mechanism of some gasless pyrotechnical delay compositions. (1970).
Hu, R. & Xiang, C.
The influence of acid on the thermal stability of PBX-94321. (1992).
Hu, R., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Gao, R., Liang, Y., Wu, S., Sun, L. Tang, G. & Liu, Z.
Service life of FEX-1. (1992).
Inomata, T., Okazaki, S, Moriwaki, T. & Suzuki, M.
Shock wave generated by an accelerating flame. (1979).
Isaksson, Jan & Rittfeldt, L.
Characterization of black powder. (1973).
Ishida, T., Ota, T., Torada, H & Adachi, K.
New castable PBX using environment-friendly binder. (1998).
Ishikawa, N, Kuskabe, M. & Isozaki, M.
A new nitrogen dioxide film detector. (1970).
Isler, J. & Kayser, D.
Correlation between kinetic properties and self-ignition of nitrocellulose. (1982).
Itoh, M., Ouchi, H., Mochizuki, N., Arai, M. Yamamoto, K. & Yoshida T.
Dilution method for determining the stability of explosives. (1982).
Jacobsson, Ö.
Thin layer chromatography of diphenylamine and stabilized powders. (1967).
Johansson, Stig R.
Exoelectrons – a review with an eye to explosives and pyrotechnics. (1992).
Josyulu, O. S.
Effect of calcium ions in effluent treatment connected with initiator manufacture. (1995).
Kaderábek, V.
STABIL for Windows. PC computer programme for data acquisition and estimation of thermal
stability. (1995).
Kansas, L., Hardmeyer, E. & DeAngelis, T.
Near infrared testing of propellant for stability. (2001).
Kao, T. S., Liu, C. T., Wang, W. N. & Tang, C. P.
Effect of the particle size on thermal properties of b-HMX by differential scanning calorimetry.
(1988).
Kimura, J., Hayashi, H. & Morita, J.
Application of copper-phtalocyanine (CuPc) chemical sensors to stability test of nitrate esters. (1998).
Kimura, J.
Application of chemiluminescence to mechanistic and kinetic studies of explosives. (1998).
Ageing kinetics and mechanism of nitrocellulose via a peroxide route. (1998).
An investigation report on accidental explosion of 7.7 tons of smokeless powders occurred in Japan at
10 PM, August 1, 2000. (2001).
Nitric acid formation from nitrate esters through conversion of nitrate esters to the corresponding
nitrate esters. (2001).

31
de Klerk, W. P. C. & Miszczak, M.
Comparison of test methods for stability research of propellants in the Netherlands and Poland.
(2001).
de Klerk, W. P. C., van der Heijden, E. D. M. & Keizers, H. L.
Thermal and hazard properties of HNF/HTPB-based propellants. (2001).
Koopmans, H. J. & Stam, J.
In situ quantitative thin layer densitometry by the Viton TLD 100. (1970).
Kotoyori, T.
Ultimate critical temperature for the thermal explosion of eight explosives of the true autocatalytic
decomposition type. (1998).
Critical temperatures for the thermal explosion of chemicals. (2001).
Krabbendam-La Haye, E. L. M., de Klerk, W P. C. & Krämer, R. E.
The thermal stability and kinetic behaviour of commercially available explosives. (2004).
Krien, G.
Über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen der Differentialthermoanalyse und der
Thermogravimetrie bei der Prüfung von Explosivstoffverträglichkeiten. (1967).
Über Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Differential-Scanning-Calorimetrie (DSC) bei der Untersuchung
von Explosivstoffen. (1970).
Differential-Scanning-Calorimetrische Untersuchungen über die chemische Stabilität von Azotetrazolblei.
(1973).
Über die thermische Zersetzung von Tetrazen. (1976).
Kucera, V.
Einfluss der Zersetzung von Nitroglyzerin bei höheren Temperaturen auf den Verlauf der Stabilitätsprüfungen
von rauchlosen Pulvern. (1976).
Kucera, V. & Vetlicky, B.
Automatizierte Vakuum-Stabiltätsprüfung. (1982).
Lackman, T.
Screening of potentially explosive substances. (2004).
’t Lam, R. U. E. & Heemskerk, A. H.
Thermal decomposition of gun propellants investigated the heat generation measurements and
chemiluminescence techniques. (1985).
Lamnevik, Stefan
Copper azide corrosion. (1967).
Laye, P. G.
Kinetics by thermal analysis. (1992).
Review on recent thermal studies on pyrotechnics. Activation energy prior to and following ignition.
(1998).
Laye, P. G. & Nelson, D. C.
Reaction kinetics by heat flux calorimetry. (1988).
Laye, P. G., Charlsley, E. L. & Griffiths, T.
Studies of the ageing in pyrotechnic mixtures of magnesium and sodium nitrate. (2001).
Lebert, M., Stephan, M. & Zeller, B.
Dosage de la diphénylamine, de la , et de leurs dérivés, dans les poudres et propergols par
chromatographie liquide haute pression. (1976).
Lee, D. & Ark, W. F.

Overview of propellant stability testing for the United States military. (2001).
Lefebvre, M. H., Jeunieau, L. & Wilker, S.
Physical stability vs. chemical stability of deterred propellants. (2004).
Lenevue, L., Seite, P. & Tranchant, J.
Consommation de stabilisant et evaluation de la stabilité des poudres. (1979).
32
Lévéque, M.
Correlation entre les resultats de lépreuve de consommation de stabilisant à 50 °C et le vieillissement
naturel. (1988).
Licht, H. H.
HMX (Octogen) and its polymorphic forms. (1970).
Liebens, E., Neviere, R. & Chevalier, S.
Ageing simulation methodology of solid propellant grains. (2004).
Lindblom, T.
Determination of stabilizer and its nitro derivatives in double-base powders by HPLC. (1979).
Use of FTIR in the explosive industry. (1988).
Irreverisible absorption of diphenylamine onto a straight phase and a reverse phase HPLC-column.
(1992).
Use of FTIR for chemometric determination of stabilizer and chemical reactions in single-base and
double-base propellants. (1995).
Bonding of nonextractable stabilizing compounds to nitroellulose when using DPA or
NNODPA as stabilizers. (2004).
Lindblom, T., Lagerkvist, P. & Svensson, Lars-Gunnar
Comparison and evaluation of modern analytical methods used for stability testing of a single-base
propellant. (1985).
Lindblom, T. & Paulsson, Lars-Erik
Surveillance testing of propellants stabilised with diphenylamine and reactions in stabiliser and
between stabiliser and nitro-cellulose. (1998).
Lindblom, T., Paulsson, Lars-Erik & Svensson, Lars-Gunnar
Oxidation of N-NO-diphenylamine. (1992).
Lindblom, T. & Malmberg, H.
Analysis of copper azide in ammunition using FTIR. (2001).
Lingens, P.
Untersuchungen zur thermischen Zersetzung von gewerblichen Sprengstoffen. (1967).
Gaschromatographische Reinheitsbestimmung von Trinitrotoluol. (1970).
Liu, Z., Zi, D, Wu, C. & Chang, M.
Kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of explosives. Part I. The thermal
decomposition of linear polymethylene-polynitramines. (1982).
Liu, Z., Wu, C., Yin C., Kong, Y. & Chang, M.
Kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of explosives. (1988).
Liu , T. & Chang, M.
The influence of crystal perfection on the thermal decomposition of explosives. (1979).
Longevialle, Y. & Rat, M.
Application de la chimiluminiscence a l’étude de la stabilité des poudres. (1985).

33
Løvold, Kjell
A new production process for black powder. (1973).
Lurie, Boris
Chemical processes typical for nitro esters in propellants. (1995).
Lurie, B. A., Svetlov, B. S. & Chernyshov, A. N.
Primary process of the nitrate esters. Thermal decomposition. (1992).
Chemistry and kinetics of the nitrocellulose thermal decomposition. (2001).
Lurie, B., Svetlov, B., Koroban, V. & Chernyshov, A.
Chemical compatibility of the nitro esters with ammonium perchlorate. (1998).
Lussier, L. S., Gagnon, H., Bergeron, E. & Bohn, M. A.
Study of the chemical reactions of ethyl and some of its daughter products with nitrogen dioxide at
ambient temperature. (2001).
Maber, W. F.
Compatibility of materials with high explosives and solid propellants. (1970).
Macdonald, A. F.
Compatibility testing of plastic-bonded explosives using the vacuum stability test and other
techniques. (2004).
The compatibility triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) with some energetic binders. (2007).
Abstr.+PP.
A strategy for physical and chemical compatibility assessments of explosives. (2007).
Abstr.+PP.
Macdonald, A. F., Deacon, P. R., Kennedy, G. R. A. & Lewis, A. L.
The application of gel permeation chromatography to the investigation of the ageing processes in
nitro-cellulose. (2001).
Malmberg, Hans
Comparison of stabilisers regarding their reactivity with nitrogen dioxide. (2004).
Mårtensson, Leif
Powder and quality – Torsebro powder mill and testing of blackpowder in Sweden. (2004).
Matsushita, T., Inomata, T. & Okazaki, S.
Application of electric discharge for the removal of NOx from exhaust gases. (1992).
Maurer, R., Willy, A. & Durtschi, A.
Eine spekralphotometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von Diphenylamin, Centralit und einigen
Folgeprodukten des Diphenylamins in Nitrocellulosepulvern (1970).
Mayet, J. & Lucotte, J. P.
Etude cinétique de la décomposition des poudres pour armes. (1973).
McAuley, C. D.
Separation of high explosive components in some common compositions by high-speed liquid
chromatography. (1979),
McAuley, C. D., Joubert, L. A. & Steyn, T. L.
Methods for the determination of (a) RDX in HMX and (b) polymorphs of HMX in b HMX. (1985).
Meer, N. van der, Klerk, W. de & Eerligh R.
Investigations into criteria for compatibility using the heat flow calorimeter. (1995).
Influence of relative humidity on ageing of propellants. (1998).

34
Mehlhose, K.
Über die Wasserbestimmung in Treibladungspulvern. (1976).
Mellbye, M.
Quantitative analysis of propellant components by IR. (1985).
Merrick, W. & Seymor, J. L.
Developments in the practical technique of vacuum stability testing. (1973).
Merzhanov, A. G.
Regularities and mechanism of combustion of pyrotechnic titanium-boron mix-tures. (1976).
Middleton, T.
Graphical methods in thermal stability evaluation. (1988).
Miller, C. H.
Recent developments in improved delay and igniferous compositions. (1973).
Mintmire,J. W., Robertson, D. H., Barrett, J. J. C. & White, C. T.
Molecular Dynamics simulations of detonations. (1995).
Miszczak, M.
TLC and densitometry application to determine the quality of mixtures of high explosives. (1995).
Miszczak, M. & Bladek, J.
Chemical stability investigations of propellants under conditions of accelerated and natural aging.
(1992).
Miszczak, M., Blachnio, B., Milewski, E. & Szymanowski, J.
Physical and chamical processes going on in pyrotechnic mixtures during long-term usage. (1998).
Moniruzzaman, M
A non-destructive UV-visible spectroscopic method for investigating the kinetics of nitrocellulose
decomposition in thin film. (2007). Abstr.+PP.
Morita, J. & Kimura, J.
Ballistic life of gun propellants. (1998).
Mrzewinski, T.
Change of diphenylamine in single-base propellants. (1982).
Mrzewinski, T. & Urbanski, T.
Reaction of nitrocellulose (13 % N) with some aromatic amines. (1985).
Nemcák, O. & Hanus, M.
Compatibility of TNT, RDX and PETN with the corrosion products of common metals. (1995).
Nilsson, Erik
Standardization of test methods for civilian explosives in the European Union. (2004).
EUExert – certifying expertise in the European explosives sector. (2007). Abstr.+PP.
Nyberg, H.
Stability studies of NC-propellants in the Finnish Defence Forces. (1995).
Nyström. G.
Tycho Brahe and his influence on science development. (2007). PP.
Ohtsuka, Y., Kawashima, E., Yu, Y, Hasegawa, K., Hara, K., Shimizu, Y. & Yoshida, T.
Evaluation of thermal stability of energetic materials. (1995).
O’Kane, P. & Ottaway, M. R.

35
Application of accelerating-rate calorimetry to stability and reactivity. Characterisation of high energy
materials. (1992).
Okitsu, T., Suzuki, J., Aoki, K., Hara, K. & Yoshida, T.
Shock sensitivity tests for commercial explosives and low-sensitivity explosive materials. (1992).
Ottoway, M. R.
Application of accelerating rate calorimetry to stability and reactivity characterisation of explosive
composition. (1988).
Paindavoine, J.-M.
Evolution du stabilisant des poudres à simple base au cours du vieillissement à basse température (50
°C). (1982).
Palmæus, R. N.
Acceptance and surveillance inspection of propellants in Sweden. (1982).
Pasman, H. J.
Adiabatic experiments in calorimetric research. (1967).
Calculation of compression ignition of explosive. (1973).
Patel, R. G. & Chaudhri, M. M.
Thermal decomposition of tetracene. (1976).
Paulsson. Lars-Erik
Instability of pyrotechnic compositions based on boron and inorganic nitrates. (1995).
Influence of humidity on the stability of explosives. (1998).
Influence of humidity and oxygen on HTPB and CTPB propellants. Microcalorimetric studies.
(2001).
Surveillance testing. A modified HPLC-method, also analysing anions. (2001).
Comparison of old and new stability methods regarding simulation of shelf life of propellants.
(2004).
Nitrocellulose and molecular sieves. Some experiments. (2007). PP.
Paulsson. Lars-Erik, Svensson, Lares-Gunnar & Lindblom, T.
Degradation of nitrocellulose. Some microcalorimetric studies. (1992).
Persson, Per -Anders
A history of explosives in Sweden (1995).
Persson, Per-Anders & Sjölin, T. S.
Light emission during shock initiation of liquid explosives. (1970).
Peshkova, S., Shlyapochnikov, V., Rezchikova, K. & Ponomaryova, L.
The QSPR estimation of the activation energy of thermal decomposition of nitro-compounds in gas
phase using structural descriptors. (1995).
Petrzílek, J.
Relationships between results of stability tests obtained on the basis of large data sets. (1995).
Vacuum stability test of aged spherical propellants. (1998).
Petrzílek, J., Skládal, J., Wilker, S., Ticmanis, U., Pantel, G. & Stottmeister, L.
Stability analyses of spherical propellants in dependence of their stabilizer and NGL content. (2001).
Petterson, Marja-Liisa
Temperature dependence and influence of moisture on microcalorimetric measurements of
smokeless propellants. (2004).
Stability study of smokeless propellants up to 60 years of age as measured by heat low calorimetry. (/200
Abstr.+PP.
Swedish surveillance of smokeless propellants. (2007). Abstr.+PP.

36
A new type of stabilizers for NC-powder. (2007). Abstr.+PP.
Pontius, H. & Bohn, M. A.
Stability and compatibility of a new curing agent for binders applicable with AND. (2007).
Abstr.+SS, 48 slides.
Poulain, G., Michaud, C. & Poulard, S.
Etude par chromatographie sur gel et sur couche mince de la dégradation du nitrate de polyvinyle lors
de viellissements accélérés. (1973).
Powell, R. J., Downes, B. & Rowley, J.
Precise mass spectrometric determination of gas evolution from propellant. (1982).
Poyet, J. M., Poulain, G., Michaud, C. & Poulard, S.
Analyse de stabilisants, de plastifiants et d’impuretés dans les explosifs par chromatographie liquide.
(1976).
Putte, T. van de
Measurement of the effective stabilizer content in propellants. (1970).
Ramaswamy, C. P. & Subba Rao, N. S. V.
Problems of stability of spent acid from PETN manufacture. (1979).
Rat, M.
Application de la microcalorimétrie isotherme à l’étude de la stabilité des poudres pour armes.
(1979).
Evolution du stabilisant des poudres à simple base au cours d’un vieillissement à basse température
(50 °C). Résultats experimentaux. (1982).
Rat, M. & Lacroix, G.
Caractérisation de matiéres premiéres par couplage chromatographique d’exclusion stérique/ infrarouge
à transformé de Fourier. (1995).
Reid, J.
Nitrogen determination of nitrocellulose by instrumental combustion analysis. (2007). Abstr.+PP.
Reitsema, H. J.
Some investigations into an exudation test for TNT. (1979).
Riffault, M.-L.
Méthode de détermination de la compatibilité des explosifs avec les polymèrs. (1970).
Détermination de l’évolution de certaines compositions pyrotechniques pendant la période précédant
l’inflammation. (1973).
Riffault, M.-L. & Boutet, C.
Contribution a l’evaluation de la durée de vie d’un materiau. (1976).
Ripper, E.
Dünnschichtchromatographische Untersuchung von Pulvern. (1967).
Rongzu, H., Yi, X., Wu, S., Sun, L. & Kang, B.
An empirical formula for estimating the autoignition temperature of propellants and explosives using
non-isothermal DSC or DTA curves. (1995).
Roth, J. F.
Zur irreversiblen Thermodynamik der Explosivstoff-Umsetzungen sowie deren Auslösung. (1970).
The initiation of explosives caused by action mechanisms. (1973).

Sammour, M. H.
Effect of resorcinol on the chemical stability of double-base propellants. (1995).
37
Savitt, J.
Geometrical factors affecting the transmission and growth of detonation from very small sources.
(1973).
Schwartz, A.
Chemical stress relaxation of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene. (1967).
Ageing effects on adhesion of inhibitor to propellant grains. (1976).
Shepodd, T. J., Anderson, K. K., Anex, D. S., Behrens, R. & Loyola, V. M.
Ageing PETN and PETN composites: Chemical and physical changes. (1998).
Shepodd, J., Goods, S. H., Moddeman, W. E. & Foster, P.
Interactions of fluid explosives with organic and metallic materials. (1995).
Shidlovsky, A.
On possible oxidizers for pyrotechnic compositions. (1973).
Sinha, S. K.
Study of basic azides of lead by thermometric titration. (1973).
Söderberg, Björn
Supermarket pyrotechnics, an easy way to home-made explosives. (1979).
Söderquist, Rune
Studies on explosives. 2. On the sensitivity and decomposition of some high-reactive metal azides,
especially copper(II)azide. (1967).
Sommer, E.
Stabilisatoren in gewerblichen Sprengstoffen. (1976).
Safety aspects of emulsion slurry explosives. (1988).
Sommer, E. & Dolenz, G.
Control of a nitration plant with nonaqueous titrations of nitration and waste acid. (1985).
Sopranetti, A. & Reich, H. U.
Simultaneous analysis of stabilizers and their decomposition products by gas chromatography –
application of the new methods for the judging of propellants by the 65.5 °C surveillance test. (1976).
Possibilities and limitations of high performance liquid chromatography for the characterization of
stabilizers and their daughter products in comparison with gas chromatography. (1979).
Comparison of high temperature stability tests with studies of the conversion of stabilizers in singlebase
propellants. (1979).
Sopranetti, A., Brönnimann, E. & Stähli, R.
Effects of different stabilizers on single-base and double-base propellants. (1982).
Storey, P. D.
An evaluation of methods used for assessing the thermal stability of explosives. (1988).
Suurkuusk, J.
New system for activity monitoring. (1982).
Swanson, R. L,
Enhancing weapons and ordnace. Safety and quality. (2004).
Taylor, D.
Testing of explosives stability and remaining shelf life of components in ammunition before
recovery, modernisati.on or demilitarization. (2004).

Taylor, G. W. C. & Jenkins, J. M.
Progress towards primary explosives of improved stability. (1973).
38
Taylor, G. W. & Andrews Jr, G. H.
Flowing afterglow spectroscopy: An ultrasensitive probe into solid-phase decomposition kinetics.
(1979).
Theobald, J., Pearce, A. & Tod, D. A.
The advantages of environmental monitoring for prediction of the chemical life of energetic materials.
(2001).
Ticmanis, U.
Direct reactivity analysis, a kinetic approach to compatibility. (1995).
Tranchant, J.
Stabilité chimique – Evaluation de la durée de vie des poudres propulsives. (1973).
Le concept de stabilité des poudres et son évolution. (1976).
Internal mechanism of the chemical evolution in nitrocellulose propellants: Hypothesis and -
sequences. (1982).
Trontelj, Z.
Nitrogen quadropole resonance (NQR) in stabilizers DPA and (methyl and ethyl):what can we learn
from it? Abstr.+PP.
Tuukkanen, M., Griffiths, T. & Wood, D. J.
Ammunition depot accident July 1999 in Finland. (2001).
Urbanski, T.
Nitrate esters as electron accepting compounds. (1976).
Behaviour of some explosives at high temperatures. (1979).
Entropy and free energy of explosives. (1982).
Verhoeff, I. J.
Comparison of several stability test methods. (1979).
Vogelsanger, B., Ossola, B. & Brönnimann, E.
The diffusion of deterrents and blasting oils into propellants, observed by FTIR microspectroscopy.
(1995).
Vogelsanger, B. & Sopranetti, R.
Safety, stability, and shelf life of propellants - the strategies used at NITROCHEMIE WIMMIS AG.
(1998).
New approaches for the assessment of chemical stability and safe storage life of nitrocellulose-based
propellants using stabiliser depletion. – ("The Making Of Stanag 4620 / Aop-48 Ed.2"). (2004).
Vogelsanger, B., Sopranetti, R., Ossola, B. & Ryf, K.
Compatibility and service-life predictions of propulsion/ammunition systems. (2001).
Volk, F.
Der Einfluss von Abbrandmoderatoren auf die chemische Stabilität von Double-base-Festtreibstoffen.
(1973).
Dünnschicht-chromatographische Ermittlung der Lebensdauer von Treibladungs-pulvern. (1976).
Alterungsverhalten von Doublebase-Festtreibstoffen und Treibladungspulvern. (1979).
Decomposition behavior of nitroguanidine. (1982).
Alterungsverhalten von Festtreibstoffen durch Messung der Wärmeentwicklung und des Stabilisatorabbaus.
(1988).
Investigation of gas generators for airbags and passive restraint systems. (1992).
Safety investigations of TNT- and PETN-sand mixtures. (1992).

39
Highlights of stability research in the first dozen of Jan Hansson Symposia 1967-2001. (2004).
Volk, F. & Batheit, H.
Influence of energetic materials on the energy output of gun propellants. (1995).
Volk, F., Bucerius, K. M. & Wunsch, G.
Ermittlung von Einflußgrößen auf die Genauigkeit von GPC-Ergebnissen. (1985).
Volk, F. & Wunsch, G.
Anwendung der Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie zur Charakterisierung des Nitrocelluloseabbaus
in Treibladungspulvern. (1982).
Wadsö, I.
Microcalorimetry. (1979).
Wallace, I. G., Powell, R. J. & Downes, B. J.
A chemiluminiscence study of oxides of nitrogen evolved from propellants. (1979).
Wallace, I. G. & Westlake, S.
The use of a chemiluminiscence NOx analyser to study the reactions of propellant stabilizers and their
derivatives. (1985).
Wallin, I.
Nitration of and its derivatives as a colour development reaction. (1967).
Watt, D.
Effect of ageing upon insensitive munitions. (2004).
Weldon, R. H. & Fisher, V. L.
High temperature stability of HTPB-based polymer bonded explosives and their ingredients. (1979).
Westerlund, M
Crystal purity of a-HMX by NIR (Near Infrared Spectroscopy). (2001).
NIR spectroscopy as a method to measure HMX in octol. (2004).
Wilby, J.
Thermal stability of RDX and HMX compositions, particularly their mixtures with TNT. (1967).
Wilker, S., Ticmanis, U., Pantel, G. & Guillaume, P.
Detailed investigation of sensitivity and reproducibility of Heat Flow Calorimetric (HFC)
measurements. (1998).
Wilker, S., Ticmanis, U., Stottmeister, L., Guillaume, P, Vogelsanger, B., Balès, C., Bisogni, P., de
Klerk, W. P. C. & Tucker, D. S.
Infuence of atmospheric conditions on the ageing of single- and double-base propellants. (2001).
Xie, Y. & Hu, R.
Investigation concerning the thermal stability of HAN and the HAN-based liquid propellant using
DSC method. (1995).
Yamamoto, K, Koga, T., Inoue, A., Ouchi, H., Itoh, M. & Yoshida, T.
Thermal sensitivity of nitroglycerine and its derivatives by the dilution method. (1982).
Yang, Q., Ou, Y. and Yukai, W.
A preliminary study of thermal stability of some explosives by using chemilumi-nescence method.
(1988).
Yang, K.-X., Ding, F.-X., Dai, X.-Y. & Tan, J.-Y.
The compatibility of azido-plasticizers with binders. (1992).
Yong-Zhong, Y.
A comment on related research and other activities in China. (1985).

40
Yoshida, T., Akiba, T., Endow, H., Aoki, K. Hara, K. & Peng, J.
SC-DSC of oxidizer-combustible mixture. (1992).
Yoshida, T., Itoh, M. & Nagai, K.
A primary evaluation of incompatibility and energy release. (1976).
Yoshida, T., Itoh, M., Tohyama, K. & Tamura, M.
The correlation of SC-DSC data with other test data. (1979).
Zang, T., Hu, R. & Fuping, L.
Preparation and thermal decomposition mechanism of transition metal (Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II))
salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one. (1992).
Zeman, S.
The impact sensitivity of some nitramines. (1995).

41
THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTION
affiliated to The Combustion Institute
PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE NINE CONFERENCES ON
PYROTECHNICS
HELD 1969 - 1990.
P No. Year Place Number of published papers in:
Swedish English German Norw. Total
1. 1969 Stockholm 9 0 0 0 9
2. 1971 Stockholm 2 5 0 0 7
3. 1973 Stockholm 6 3 0 1 10
4. 1975 Stockholm 6 3 0 0 9
5. 1977 Stockholm 4 5 1 0 10
6. 1980 Stockholm 2 7 0 0 9
7. 1983 Göteborg 3 5 1 0 9
8. 1986 Lund 1 10 0 0 11
9. 1990 Lund 0 10 0 0 10
21 Sweden 33 48 2 1 84
Since 1969, The Section for Detonics and Combustion has organized nine seminars on pyrotechnics,
titled "Pyroteknikdagen" (The Pyro Day). The seminars have resulted in nine proceedings with 84
papers in English, German, or Swedish/Norwegian. These papers are listed by authors (the first
named is the presenter) below; year within parenthesis is the year of the seminar.

Åberg, D.
Ljusmätning inom pyrotekniken. (1969).
42
Åkhagen, R.
Reaktioner i pyrotekniska flammor av betydelse för färgstyrka och färgrenhet. (1969).
Andersson, Curt
Överföringsproblem i handgranattändare. Erfarenheter från tillverkning och försöksverksamhet.
(1969).
Andersson, Curt, Herzberg, O. & Jonsson, L.
"Västanfläkt", en gaslös sats, antändbar med slagstift. (1971).
Andersson, Lars-Henrik.
Inverkan av föroreningar på egenskaperna hos pyrotekniska komponenter. (1977).
Asplund, J.
Examples of the use of electrometric methods for process and product control in the explosive
industry. (1990).
Barisin, D., Spasojevic, I. & Batinic-Haberle, I.
Aging of pyrotechnic composition. Mg(OH)2 determination by IR spectrometry. (1990).
Blunt, R. M.
Thoughts on pyrotechnics. (1980).
Boddington, T.
Measurement and interpretation of steady-state temperature profiles in gasless pyrotechnics. (1980).
Collvin, P.
Sinoxidsats. (1969).
Utveckling av röksatser. (1973).
Destruction of pyrotechnic and explosive items. (1975).
Stabilitetsproblem vid utveckling av fördröjningssatser. (1977).
Bedömning av känslighet och verkan hos pyrotekniska satser. (1980).
Homogenisering av pyrotekniska satser. (1983).
Dillehay, D. R.
Laboratory scale ballistic testing. (1986).
Douda, B. E.
U. S. A. Pyrotechnics overview. (1986).
Enoksson, Bertil
Synpunkter på säkerheten vid arbete med explosivämnen. (1975).
Berzelius – Explosives and pyrotechnics. (1980).
Frey, M.
Messung der Zersetzungswärme von Explosivstoffen. (1977).
Frolov, J. V.
Influence of heterogeneous mixtures structure on the combustion wave propagation process. (1990).
Gellerstedt, Nils
Accumulation of moisture in ammunition stores. (1983).
Computer simulation of moisture penetration in products during storage. (1986).
Gray, Peter
Spontaneous ignition and thermal explosion. (1977).
Griffiths, John F.

The prediction of a practical lower bound for ignition delay times. (1990).
43
Gustafsson, Bo, Gustavsson, Jan-Willy & Svensén, Bo-Göran
Joining and tightening of rectangular ventilation ducts. (1977).
Hansson, Jan
Some historical notes on black powder. (1975).
Harkoma, M., Hemmilä, M. & Lippo, H.
Methods for measuring the obscuring power of IR-smokes. (1990).
Hopfgarten, Fredrik
Characterizing of IR screening smoke. Possibility – necessity. (1986).
Hössjer, Karl
Tändvillighet och reaktionsmekanism hos några gaslösa pyrotekniska fördröjningssatser. (1969).
Hybinette, A.-G.
Regler och bestämmelser för allmänhetens inköp av begagnande och pyro-tekniska varor. (1973).
Pyroteknikutredningen. (1975).
Hyyppä, J.
Development of aluminium fuelled flares. (1983).
Isaksson, Jan
The influence of some manufacturing factors upon the properties of a delay composition. (1971).
Karakterisering av svartkrut. (1973).
Johansson, Kjell
Mätning av impulsljud från pyrotekniska varor. (1973).
Johansson, Stig R.
Något om pyroforer och pyroforitet. (1969).
Combustion and pyrotechnical reactions – a chemical approach. (1971).
A note on the treatment of temperature versus time data and on the kinetics of pyrochemical
reactions. (1977).
On the history of fire tools and matches. (1983).
Do chalk and phosphorus react pyrotechnically? (1986).
Johansson, Stig R. & Persson, K. Göran
Explosion hazards of pyrotechnic aluminium compositions. (1971).
Johansson, Stig R. & Östman, K.
A fuse wire bridge method for measuring pyrotechnic burning velocity. (1973).
Johnsson, Lars
Theory of the multiple-branch Wheatstone bridge. (1973).
Kjellén, U. & Baneryd, K.
Arbetsmiljö och skyddsarbete inom den pyrotekniska industrin. (1975).
Lancaster, R.
Demonstration of pyrotechnic effects. (1990).
Laye, P. G.
Delay chemistry. (1983).
Listh, Ola
Känslighet hos explosivämnen. Projekt rörande bl. a. provning och klassindelning av pyrotekniska
satser. (1977).
Løvold, Kjell

44
Forbedring av sikkerheten ved fremstilling av svartkrut. (1973).
Løvold, K. & Middleton, T.
Characterization of the sensitivity of explosive powders to electric sparks, a proposed test method.
(1980).
Ignition of explosive powders by electric sparks. (1977).
Loyd, Dan, Andersson, G. & Nyhlén, H.
Heat transfer analysis of slow-burning pyrotechnical compositions. (1990).
Mäki, A.
Method for measuring the pressure of fuse head and delay elements. (1975).
Testing spark sensitivity of propellants and pyrotechnical compositions. (1977).
Testing packages for small arm primers. (1980).
Mäki, A. & Kariniemi, A.
Testing and hazard classification of pyrotechnic compositions in Finland. (1983).
McLain, J.
Oxidation-reduction reactions in solids. (1973).
Middleton, T.
Evaluation of a steam induced thermal run-away in a 2-inch process line containing RDX sediments.
(1990).
Mortensen, Kim
Binary systems in stage pyrotechnics. (1990).
Nyhlén, H.
Thermochemical equilibrium computations and their application to pyrotechnic systems. (1986).
Örnberg, G.
Lysbombsimulering. (1975).
Östmark, H.
Laserinitiering av pyrotekniska satser. (1986).
Persson, K. Göran
Vad vet man om reaktioner vid tändning av tändstickor? (1969).
Persson, Per- Anders
Nitro Nobels NONEL ® -system – ett nytt sprängkapselsystem. (1975).
Petersson, Stig
Explosion products and temperature of the "Sinoxid" percussion primer. (1971).
Övertryck i slutet rum efter explosion av några primärsprängämnen. (1980).
Rask, S.
From flintlock to percussion lock – some pictures illustrating a great advance in ignition technique.
(1986).
Rittfeldt, L.
Beskrivning av ränna och bomb för karakterisering av pyrotekniska satser. (1973).
Shimizu, T.
Der kritische Abbrand von pyrotechnischen Sätzen. (1983). (Also in a Swedish version: Kritisk
förbränning av pyrotekniska satser.)
Söderberg, Björn
Special effects. (1983).

45
Ström, T.
Metod för skattning av pyrotekniska satsers tändvillighet. (1969).
Svänsson, Karl
Erfarenheter av handgranattändare. (1969).
Svartkruts brister. (1971).
Pyroteknik – ett förenlighetsproblem. Krevadpatron – ett exempel. (1973).
Effektivt utnyttjande av lysammunition. (1975).
Några erfarenheter av pyroteknik. (1977).
Svensson, Lars-Gunnar
Two applications of gas flow ampoule microcalorimetry to determine input data for the moisture
penetration simulation programme. (1986).
Trofast, J.
Professor J. J. Berzelius – his life and work. (1986).
Tulis, A. J.
The detonation and combustion of aluminum in air. (1980).
Varmo, K. O.
Raufoss’ instantaneous concept. (1986).
Vogel, K
Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric and DSC curves and practical application of isothermal and
adiabatic conditions. (1980).
Widlund, T.
Simulation of pyrotechnic burning and the influence of thermal perturbation by way of FEM
technique. (1990).
Winqvist, G.
Aluminium powders for explosives and pyrotechnics. (1971).

46
THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTION
affiliated to The Combustion Institute
PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL DISPOSAL CONFERENCES
HELD 1997 - 2010.
D No. Year Place Number of published papers (in English)
1. 1997 Lund 18
2. 2000 Linköping 21
3. 2003 Karlskoga 27
4. 2006 Katrineholm 30
5. 2008 Katrineholm 21
6. 2010 Örebro 21
13 Sweden 138
Since 1997, The Section for Detonics and Combustion has organised two international
conferences on disposal problems involving, in one way or other, combustion processes and
PEP material. The conferences have resulted in two proceedings with 39 papers in English.
These papers are listed by authors below; year within parenthesis is the year of the conference.
The proceedings from and including D 3 in 2003 are only available on compact discs. D 3 on a
CD, D 3 and D 4 on the same DVD. Compact disc papers are either of full length (marked FL),
just abstracts (marked Abstr.) or in the form of Power Point presentations (marked PP) or slide
shows (marked SS)

Albinson, Björn
Self-ignition – recent examples. (2000).
Aldén, M.
Combustion research at the Lund Institute of Technology (LTH). (1997).
Alenfelt, P.
Fireworks versus the environment. (2000).
47
Alverbro, K.
Environmental aspects of disposal of ammunition, (2008).
Environmental and ethical aspects on destruction of ammunition. (2010).
Andersson, Camilla
A tool for evaluation of life-cycle costs for environmental impact of defence material at procurement.
(2010).
Ansell, E.
Munitions items disposition action system (MIDAS). (2000).
Ashimina, Olga
Microbiological treatment of TNT-contaminated sludge. (2010).
Bergman, P.-A.
Soil remediation. An overview of existing technologies. (2003). Abstr.
Blom, E.
Grate monitoring systems – state of the art. (2000).
Blom, E. & Loyd, Dan
Temperature measurements according to EC direction about waste incineration in a bubbling
fluid bed. (2003). Abstr.
Bolyos, E., Lawrence , D. & Nordin, A.
Biomass as an energy source: the challenges and the path forward. (2003). FL, 6pp.
Borgström, U.
Method to validate and EOD procedure for newly developed ammunition. (2008).
Bragberg, Reijo
Sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for disposal of explosive materials. (2006).
Abstr.+PP.
The international market – a view on development and trends. (2008).
Nammo – your solution for cluster munitions disposal. (2010).
Burch, D.
Development of demilitarization technology for military munitions. (2000).
Busby, A. & Flower, P. Q.
The characterisation of RDX recovered from barmine. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Carlsson, Kurt B.
Effective pollution control as an integral part of the modern waste-to-energy plant. (1997).
Thermal treatment of solid waste – what to expect in the future. (2000).
Carlsson, Tomas (new family name: Lackman)
Fluidised-bed incineration of explosives-contaminated waste. (2000).
Dahlquist, E. & Nehrenheim, E.
Environmental and economic aspects concerning the re-use of explosives. (2003). Abstr.

48
Ekwall, K.
NOx reduction at the Malmö municipal solid waste incineration plant (SYSAV). (1997).
Elgh-Dalgren, K. & van Hees, P.
Simultaneous desorption of explosives and lead from contaminated soil. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Englund, Ove & Widlund, Thomas
Laser-initiation for high destruction capacity. (1997).
Eriksson, Hans
Creativity – a powerful tool in creating new order from chaos. A brief retrospect of Alfred Nobel’s
ideasd and innovations. (2003). Abstr.
Eriksson, Pekka
Sustainable recycling of explosives from demilitarisation. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Recycling of military explosives for civilian use. (2008).
Eriksson, Åke
Waste management and the Gärstad waste-to-energy plant. (2000).
Ferreirea, Carlos
Life cycle assessment of the ammunition demilitarization with valorization of the energetic material
in civil explosives. (2010).
Folchi, R.
Explosion and fire hazard. (2003). FL,6 pp.
Folchi, R., Ferraglio, L. & Battocchio, M.
Modification of the approach to hazard assessment for energetic materials after 5 years of practise of the
EU directive 96/82CE “Seveso II”. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Forsgren, C.
Treatment of mercury- and fluoride-contaminated waste by incineration. (2000).
Gavare, Marita
Study of the process of nitroaromatics biodegradation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
(2010).
Gonzales, G. L.
Buried UXO detection and clearance. (2008).
Griffiths, John
Principles and origins of spontaneous combustion in landfill materials. (2000).
Grymonpré, D. & Sabat, C.
Cluster munition demilitarization in the United States. (2008).
Gustavsson, Lillemor, Jönsson, Sofie & Van Bavel, B.
Biological treatment of sludge containing residues of explosives. (2003). Abstr.
Gustavsson, Lillemor
Change of toxicity during secondary treatment of industrial sludge containing nitroamines. (2006).
Abstr.+PP.
Hägerstedt, Lars-Erik
Back to basics leads to new combustion techniques and effective de-NOx and SNCR.(1997).
Nitric propellant sewage water treatment. (1997).
Hägvall, J.
Environmental research on munition at FOI. (2003). FL, 7 pp.

49
Life cycle thinking when purchasing defence materials (2008).
van Ham, N.
A mobile facility for destruction of munitions and explosives. (2003). Abstr.+PP.
van Ham, N. H. A. & Colpa, W.
Safe and environmental-friendly methods for the destruction of ammunition. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Jenkinson. S.
Integrated waste management strategy 2000 & beyond. (1997).
Johansson, Inger
Organic Compounds in Residues from Incineration of MSW and biofuels. (2003). Abstr.
Johansson, Inge
Energy recovery of municipal solid waste by way of combustion. (2006). PP.
Johansson, Stig R.
What’s in a flame? (1997).
The adiabatic energy recovery criterion for meeting the EU packaging directive requirements. (1997).
Jönsson, Sofie, Gustavsson, Lillemor & van Bavel, B.
Analysis of organic nitrogen compounds and their transformation in biologically treated sludge from
pharmaceutical and explosives industries. (2003). Abstr.
Jönsson, Sofie
Analysis of nitraromatic compounds – new sample preparation methods. (2008).
Kitamura, R, & Asahina, J. K.
Detection, uncovering, recovery, transportation and destruction of old chemical weapons in the Kanda
sea, Japan. (2006). Abstr.+PP+video.
Kjellsson, Janne
Investigation, mapping, and location of dumped ammunition. A project of he Swedish armed
forces. (2003). FL, 4 pp.
Lackman, T.
Environmental and safety aspects of military explosives in civilian products. (2008).
Lamnevik, Stefan
Disposal of ammunition in Sweden. (1997).
Safety aspects on ammunition disposal. (2000).
New training CD ROM package on inflammable materials. (2003). FL, 4 pp.
Langlet, A. & Latypov, N. V.
New ingredients in nitrocellulose-based propellants. (2006). Abstr.+PP
Lawrence, David
Combustion and the environment: Contemporary emission control strategies. (2000).
Incineration of MSW using biomass as a secondary fuel. (2000).
Liberman, M. A.
Flame, detonation, explosion – when, where and how they occur. (2003). FL, 23 pp.
Physical background of the deflagration-to-detonation transition. (2006). FL, 16 pp, 3 animations+PP.
Formation of the preheating zone ahead of a propagating flame and deflagration-to-detonation
transition. (2008).
Löthgren, Carl-Johan
SAKAB hazardous waste treatment. (1997).

50
Loutfi, Amy
Using electronic noses for environmentaL monitoring: (2010).
Loyd, Dan
Knowledge transfer and the Bologna process – basic education vs. life long learning: the future for
explosives education. (2010).
Loyd, Dan, Sjökvist, Stefan & Wallin, Hans
Education and training of explosives specialists. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Loyd, Dan & Sjökvist, Stefan
Modelling and simulation of thermal effects using IR-imaging systems to detect buried landmines.
(2000).
Loyd, Dan & Karlsson, Matts
The Bologna process – possibilities and restrictions for education and training of explosives
specialists. (2008).
Lundahl, Tomas
Fires in Swedish match factories in the 1920s caused by white phosphorus-contaminated red
phosphorus. (2003). FL, 17 pp.
Lundström, Kjell
Combustion- and environment-related standardization work. A review. (2000).
Maijgren, Barbro & Pettersson, Stig
Energy recovery from packaging waste – the result of 12 years’ standardisation work. (2003). FL, 5
pp.
Malmberg, Hans
Non-destructive detection of copper azide on igniters in dumped ammunition. (2010).
Mauss, F. & Johansson, Stig R.
Soot and dioxin formation – a neglected area of cause and effect relation? (1997). Abstr. only.
Meyer, W.
Demilitarization of US Army conventional ammunition at General Dynamics. (2008)
Demilitarization of US Army conventional ammunition at General Dynamics. (2010).
Michel, M.
Disposal of ammunition in France. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Mueller, O.
Past and present in Hungary in the field of military explosives residues. (2000).
Mutere, Olga
Bioremediation study with soils contaminated by explosives at Adazhi military polygon. (2008).
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene bodegradation in water and soil: effect of nutrition. (2010).
Möller, S.-I.
Pulsating combustion. (1997).
Nehrenheim, Emma
Mass detonation or recovery – environmental impact of different ammunition destruction methods.
(2003). FL, 5 pp.
Treatment of explosives contaminated water by using pine bark in a batch process – potentials and
kinetics. (2010).
Nehrenheim, Emma, & Odlare, Monica
Degradation of explosives in filter columns – new research ideas. (2006). Abstr.

51
APPENDIX 6.
Publications issued by the Swedish Section for Detonics and Combustion
Publ. No.
1. Initiering av sprängämnen (Initiation of Explosives), 14-15 April 1955. (1956).
2. Reaktionskinetik för explosivämnen (Reaction Kinetics of Explosives), 1957. (1958).
3. Sprängämnens verkan på fasta kroppar (The Effect of Explosives on Solid Bodies), 1959. (1959).
4. K. K. Andrejev & A. F. Beljajev: Theorie der Explosionsstoffe, 1964.
5. Provningsmetoder för explosivämnen (Test Methods for Explosives), 1960.
6. Andrejevs Vorträge 1961: Thermische Zerfall, Verbrennung und Empfindlichkeit von Explosivstoffen
7. Drivmedelsfrågor (Problems Connected with Propulsion), 7-8 September1961.
8. Testmetoder för klassificering av explosivämnen. Föredrag och diskussionsinlägg maj 1963. (1966).
9. K. K. Andrejev: Thermische Zersetzung und Verbrennungsvorgänge bei Explosivstoffen, Barth Verlag,
Mannheim 1964.
11. Förbränningsproblem i samband med framdrivning ( Combustion Problems in Connection with Propulsion),1967.
Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives, ISSN 0348-7180:
10. Volume 1(1967)1968 Stockholm
13. Volume 2(1970)1971 Tyringe
15. Volume 3(1973)1974 Ystad
18. Volume 4(1976)1977 Mölle
20. Volume 5(1979)1980 Båstad
22. Volume 6(1982)1982 Kungälv
24. Volume 7(1985)1985 Smygehamn
26. Volume 8(1988)1989 Strömstad
29. Volume 9(1992)1993 Margretetorp
31. Volume 10(1995)1996 Margretetorp
34. Volume 11(1998)1999 Båstad
36. Volume 12(2001)2004 Karlsborg (to be printed)
Pyroteknikdagen, ISSN 0348-6613
12. Volume 1(1969)1970 Stockholm
14. Volume 2(1971)1971 Stockholm
16. Volume 3(1973)1975 Stockholm
17. Volume 4(1975)1976 Stockholm
19. Volume 5(1977)1977 Stockholm
21. Volume 6(1980)1981 Stockholm
23. Volume 7(1983)1985 Gothenburg
25. Volume 8(1986)1987 Lund
27. Volume 9(1990)1990 Lund
International Disposal Conferences, ISSN 1404-0220:
32. Volume 1(1997)1999 Lund
35. Volume 2(2000)2002 Linköping
37. Volume 3(2003)2004 Karlskoga (to be printed)
28. Proceedings of the 16th International Pyrotechnics Seminar, Jönköping, Sweden 1991.
30. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the French, Italian and Swedish Sections of the Combustion Institute,
Capri, 1992.
33. Survey of Combustion Research in Sweden, Gothenburg 1998.

52
Recipients of the Section’s travelling grants 1972 – 2002.
APPENDIX 7.
Year Conference Country Name Org. SEK
1972 14 CI Symp. USA Bo Leckner CTH 1000
1976 16 CI Symp. USA Gert Bjarnholt SveDefo 1000
1978 17 CI Symp. England
(Leeds)
Göran Holmstedt
Nils Tillmark
Arne Olsson
LTH
KTH
CTH
1200
1200
1200
1982 19 CI Symp. Israel Sven Andersson CTH 2000
1984 20 CI Symp. USA Filip Johnsson CTH 2000
1988 22 CI Symp. USA Margret Simonson CTH 7000
1992 24 CI Symp. Australia Margret Simonson CTH 1500
1994 CI:FR,IT,SE Italy Nikola Georgiev LTH 3000
2002 29 CI Symp. Japan Henrik Thunman CTH 7500
2002 29th IPS USA Martin Johansson FOI 6000
Total: 34 600
Acronyms:
CI = The Combustion Institute (U.S.A.)
CTH = Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg)
FOI = Swedish Defence Research Agency
FR = France
IPS = International Pyrotechnics Seminar
IT = Italy
KTH = The Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm)
LTH = The Lund University of Technology (Lund)
SE = Sweden
SEK = Swedish crowns ((1 USD ≈ 7.5 SEK)
SveDeFo = The Swedish Detonics Foundation
USA = U.S.A.
USD = US$

53
Nehrenheim, Emma, Odlare, Monica & Rodriguez, E. A.
Simultaneous treatment of TNT and heavy metals in waste water from demilitarisation industry by
using pine bark (Pinus Sivestris). (2008).
Nilsson, Erik
EUExNet – training of explosives specialists. (2010).
Nilsson, Erik & Wallin, Hans
EUEXCERT – Certifying expertise in the European explosives sector. (2006). FL, 8 pp.,+PP.
Nilsson, Erik., Wallin, H., Randle, H., Akhavian, J. & Wallace, G.
EUEXERT – certifying expertise in the European explosives sector. (2008)
Odlare, Monica & Nehrenheim, Emma
Microbiological degradation of explosives in a bioreactor. (2006).
Microbial degradation of explosives –experience from Nammo Vingåkersverken. (2008)
Ohlson, Johnny
The Bofors Dynasafe static kiln. (1997).
Destruction of conventional and chemical munitions in a Dynasafe static kiln. (2003). Abstr.
Dynasafe SDC, a proven technology for destruction of chemical and conventional weapons. (2006).
Abstr.+PP.
Dynasafe SDC system – a mature technology for destruction of conventional and chemical munitions.
(2010).
Peugeot, F., Robert, P,. & Tudes, B.
The disposal of Melanj oxidizer in Azerbaidjan:. NAMSA achievements. (2006). Abstr.+PP+video.
Peugeot, F., Brown, S. & Courtnet-Green, P.
Disposal of surplus munitions stockpiles in Ukraine. NAMSA achievements and perspectives. (2006).
Abstr.+PP.
Qvarfort, Ulf
Dumped ammunition in mine shafts. (2010).
Qvarfort, Ulf & Leffler, P.
Environmental risk assessment on military sites. (2000).
Lead and alternatives to lead in ammunition. (2006). FL, 33 pp,+PP.
Randle. Hanne & Spak G.
Workplace-based qualified vocational training and education. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Ribé, Veronica
Eco-toxicological inventory of a contaminated site. (2010).
Ribeiro, J. B. & Mendes, R.
Features of valorisation of single- and double-based powders in emulsion explosives.(2008).
Röstlund, S.
Development of a thermal fuse. (2006). FL, 4pp.
Rostmark, S. & Knutsson, Sven
Remediation of mercury-polluted sediments through deep-freezing. (2003). Abstr.
Sabat, Carol
Cluster munition demilitarization in the United States. (2010).
Sahlin, B.

54
Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment in the Production of Energy from Waste and Biomass Fuel. (2003). FL
pp.
Schweppe, R. & Hirth, T.
Degradation processes in sub- and supercritical water. (1997).
Sjöberg, P.
Recycling of nitramines at Bofors Explosives AB. (1997).
Sjökvist, S., Georgson, M., Ringberg, S., Uppsäll, M., Christiansen, A.-L. & Loyd, D.
Modelling of thermal heat transfer of landmines – a heat transfer analysis. (1997).
Sjökvist, S. & Loyd, D.
Temporal Behaviour of Mines and Objects Similar to Mines. (2003). Abstr.
Electro-optic detection of land mines and UXO. (2006). Abstr.+SS
Skirstad, A.
Underground detonation – the environmental and safe process. (2003). Abstr.
Stenmark, L.
Supercritical Fluid Technologies Within Chematur Engineering AB. (2003). FL, 8 pp.
Stigmarker, Håkan
Jönköping’s waste-to-energy heat and power plant. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Stilbs, Peter
The climate issue – science, politics or religion? (2008).
Stuivinga, Marianne E. C.
Integrated approach of remediation of land with ammunition and related substances. (2008).
Söderberg, Björn & Johansson, Stig R.
Demonstration of self-igniting substances and mixtures. (2000).
Tan, G., Akhavan, J. & and Bellamy, A. J.
Recovery of energetic materials from PBXs. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Taylor, Dennis
Testing of explosives stability and remaining shelf life of components in ammunition before recovery,
modernisation or militarisation. (2003). Abstr.
Truu, Jaak
Impact of different bioremediation approaches on microbial community structure in explosivescontaminated
soil. (2010).
Tryman, Rolf
Environmental considerations in the Swedish defence. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Life cycle assessment of a smoke grenade. (2010).
Virta, M.
Bioavailability and microbial degradation of explosives – use of bioavailability data in planning and
monitoring of the degradation process. (2008).
Vörde, C., Röstlund, S., Sjöqvist, C. & Persson, S.
Deflagration-to-detonation testing of new explosives. (2006). Abstr.
Wallace, Ian G.
Addressing Environmental Issues During Acquisition. (2003). FL, 11 pp.
Sustainable development in defence. (2006). Abstr.+PP
The changing world. (2010),

55
Wallin, Hans
A CD-ROM-based vocational training program for operators and personnel in the explosives
industry. (1997).
Career-long learning in Swedish explosives industry using work-place learning centres and modern
information technology. (2000).
“Excert” – a European pilot project for developing and maintaining skills and competence for
personnel in the explosives sector. (2003). Abstr.
Vingåker Energetic Science Park – a platform for research and development of sustainable and
environmentally correct methods for disposal of explosives material and articles. (2008).
Use of recovered military explosives for civilian applications. (2010).
Wennersten, R.
Risk analysis in an integrated HSE perspective, (2000).
Wheeler, J.
Demiltarization integration. (2000).
Widlund, Thomas
Detonation of high explosives in a semi-confined space – static and dynamic behaviour. (2006).
Abstr.+PP+6 animations.
Wilkinson, A.
Surplus ammunition disposal ─ the threat, international response and options in South Eastern
and Eastern Europe. (2006). Abstr.+PP.
Zethræus, Björn
Ways to model residence time and temperature distributions. (1997).
Zetterlund, K.
Weapons of mass destruction – a gigantic disposal challenge. (2003). Abstr.