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Lava effusion on Surtsey, April 21, 1964. (Photo: Garðar Pálsson). began erupting once more as a 220-m-long fissure opened on 19 August 1966 along the floor of Surtsey's eastern crater, Surtur, which had been inactive since early February 1964. Lava flowed incessantly from this fissure throughout late 1966 and early 1967, covering the landscape to the south and east and constructing the island's second lava shield. Between 12 and 17 December 1966, another fissure became active in the northwestern inside wall of the eastern tephra crater, producing a small lava flow. Then, during the period of 1–8 January 1967, lava broke through the eastern tephra cone, Austurbunki, at four additional sites, but the southernmost eruption site is now covered with sand dunes. Lava was last seen to flow on Surtsey on 5 June 1967. At the end of the eruption in June 1967, Surtsey had achieved a size of 2.65 km 2 , and the total amount of eruptive material was estimated to be 1.1 km 3 , about 70% of which was tephra and 30% lava. The height of the island at that time was 175 m above sea level, and as the sea water depth before the eruption had been about 130 m, the total height of the volcano was 305 m. A simplified geological map of Surtsey is shown in Fig. 2.19, based on July 1967. As far as is known, the Surtsey eruption is Iceland's longest continuous volcanic eruption in historical times (i.e. since AD 900). For example, it can be compared with the Hekla eruption of April 1766 to May 1768 and the Tröllahraun eruption of 1862–1864, although several other historic eruptions have emitted greater volume than that of Surtsey. 2 DESCRIPTION The eruption column of Syrtlingur in the spring of 1965. (Photo: Sigurður Þórarinsson). Steam rises from lava flowing into the sea. (Photo: Hjálmar R. Bárðarson 1967). 47
SURTSEY – NOMINATION FOR THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST 15.11.63 48 0 m -100 m -200 m -300 m (A) 15 November 1963: the island of Surtsey emerges. 0 m -100 m -200 m -300 m 4.4.64 (B) 4 April 1964: the western crater (Surtungur) starts erupting lava. 0 m -100 m -200 m -300 m 22.4.64 (C) 22 April 1964: the lava eruption at its maximum. Fig. 2.18. Block diagrams illustrating the development of the Surtsey volcano, cf. Table 2.8. N N N
Page 1 and 2: Ministry of Education, Science and
Page 3 and 4: • O F ICELANDIC INSTITUTE N AT U
Page 5 and 6: This nomination has been commission
Page 8 and 9: Contents 1 Identification of the pr
Page 10 and 11: 22’’N 5’’W Surtsey Nature R
Page 12 and 13: 2 Description 2.a Description of pr
Page 14 and 15: Vestmannaeyjar archipelago Surtey i
Page 16 and 17: and of the islands of Bjarnarey and
Page 18 and 19: 150 m 100 m 50 m 0 m - 50 m - 100 m
Page 20 and 21: Typical ropy lava surface at the so
Page 22 and 23: Geological definitions Accretionary
Page 24 and 25: (Friedman and Williams 1970). Altho
Page 26 and 27: sorting than the original tephra, w
Page 28 and 29: Fig. 2.9. Wind direction frequency
Page 30 and 31: older and more eroded. It is likely
Page 32 and 33: The lichen Xanthoria parietina and
Page 34 and 35: study plots revealed four main vege
Page 36 and 37: carefully recording any observation
Page 38 and 39: carried out. In the early years of
Page 40 and 41: Amara quenseli Atheta graminicola B
Page 42 and 43: 1 2 3 4 6 - 8 northern sublittoral
Page 44 and 45: Marine mammals Marine mammals have
Page 46 and 47: 2.b History and development Geologi
Page 50 and 51: 0 m -100 m -200 m -300 m 6/’65 (D
Page 52 and 53: 17 February 1964: hydromagmatic eru
Page 54 and 55: The hydrothermal area at the surfac
Page 56 and 57: Area [km 2 ] 3 2 1 0 1960 1970 1980
Page 58 and 59: History of life Influx of terrestri
Page 60 and 61: Number of vascular plant species 60
Page 62 and 63: upon later attempts after growing c
Page 64 and 65: colony, a community composed mainly
Page 66 and 67: Erling Ólafsson 1982; Gjelstrup 20
Page 68 and 69: Number of species 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 70 and 71: 13 Justification for inscription 3.
Page 72 and 73: Surtsey's emergence has provided a
Page 74 and 75: forms and biological communities. T
Page 76 and 77: Italians landed and named it Ferdin
Page 78 and 79: These include, to name but a few: s
Page 80 and 81: The tephra cones have been converte
Page 82 and 83: 4 State of conservation and factors
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.2. Mean yearly catches of fi
Page 86 and 87: (iii) Natural disasters and prepari
Page 88 and 89: 15 5.a Ownership Protection and man
Page 90 and 91: “A room with a view.” (Photo fr
Page 92 and 93: The Surtsey Research Society has co
Page 94 and 95: 6 Monitoring 6.a Key indicators for
Page 96 and 97: 71Documentation 7.a Supplementary m
Page 98 and 99:
except by permission of the Environ
Page 100 and 101:
Gjelstrup, P. 2000. Soil mites and
Page 102 and 103:
8 8.a Preparer Contact information
Page 104 and 105:
9 Signature on behalf of the State
Page 106 and 107:
List of figures Lists of figures, t
Page 108 and 109:
Appendices Appendix 1a. Declaration
Page 110 and 111:
APPENDICES Species status in 2005 A
Page 112 and 113:
Appendix 4. Lichens species recorde
Page 114 and 115:
Appendix 6. Bird species seen on or
Page 116 and 117:
Coccinellidae Coccinella undecimpun
Page 118 and 119:
Neomolgus littoralis (Linnaeus) Any
Page 120 and 121:
APPENDICES Appendix 9a. Marine zoob
Page 122 and 123:
Crustacea/Amphipoda amphipod Hippom
Page 124:
effects on natural features, landsc
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