European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
Determination of Sample Size 324 [25] Gould AL. Planning and Revising the Sample Size for a Trial. Statistics in Medicine 1995;14:1039-1051 [26] Greenland S. On Sample -size and Power Calculations for Studies Using Confidence Intervals. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988; 128:231-237. [27] Halpern SD, Karlawish JHT, Berlin JA. The continuing unethical conduct of underpowered clinical trials. JAMA 2002; 288:358-362. [28] Hintze, J. (2000), PASS 2000, Number Cruncher Statistical Systems, Kaysville, UT, Software for MS-DOS systems. [29] Hoenig JM, Heisey DM. The abuse of power: the pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. Am Stat 2001; 55:19. [30] Hsieh FY. Sample Size Tables for Logistic Regression. Statistics in Medicine 1989; 8:795-802. [31] Kraemer, H. C. and Thiemann, S. (1987), How Many Subjects? Statistical Power Analysis in Research, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. [32] Lachenbruch PA. On the Sample Size for Studies Based Upon McNemar’s Test. Statistics in Medicine 1992; 11:1521-1525. [33] Lachin JM. Power and Sample Size Evaluation for the McNemar Test with Application to Matched Case-Control Studies. Statistics in Medicine 1992; 11:1239-1251. [34] Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW, Klar J. Sample Size Requirements for Studies Estimating Odds Ratios or Relative Risks. Statistics in Medicine 1988; 7:759-764. [35] Lenth RV. Some practical guidelines for effective sample size determination. Am Stat 2001; 55:187. [36] Lenth, R. V. (2000), “Java applets for power and sample size,” http://www.stat.uiowa.edu/~rlenth/ Power/. [37] Lipsey, M. W. (1990), Design Sensitivity: Statistical Power for Experimental Research, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA [38] Lubin JH, Gail MH. On Power and Sample Size for Studying Features of the Relative Odds of Disease. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990;131:552-66. [39] Lu Y, Bean JA. On the Sample Size for One-Sided Equivalence of Sensitivities Based Upon McNemar’s Test. Statistics in Medicine 1995; 14:1831-1839. [40] Mace, A. E. (1964), Sample-size determination, Reinhold, New York. [41] Muller, K. E. and Benignus, V. A. (1992), “Increasing scientific power with statistical power,” Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 14, 211–219. [42] Nam JM. Sample Size Determination for Case-Control Studies and the Comparison of Stratified and Unstratified Analyses. Biometrics 1992; 48:389-395. [43] Nam JM. Establishing Equivalence of Two Treatments and Sample Size Requirements in Matched-Pairs Design. Biometrics 1997; 53:1422-30. [44] Newell DJ. Type II errors and ethics (letter). BMJ 1978; 4:1789. [45] O’Brien, R. G. (1998), UnifyPow.sas Version 98.08.25, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, Available for download from http://www.bio.ri.ccf. org/power.html. [46] Odeh, R. E. and Fox, M. (1991), Sample Size Choice: Charts for Experiments with Linear Models, Marcel Dekker, New York, second ed. [47] O’Neill RT. Sample Sizes for Estimation of the Odds Ratio in Unmatched Case-Control Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 1984; 120:145-153. [48] Parker RA, Bregman DJ. Sample Size for Individually Matched Case-Control Studies. Biometrics 1986; 42: 919-926. [49] Pearson ES, Hartley HO. Biometrika Tables for Statisticians. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970 (Volume I). [50] Roebruck P, Kuhn A. Comparison of Tests and Sample Size Formulae for Proving Therapeutic Equivalence Based on the Difference of Binomial Probabilities. Statistics in Medicine 1995; 14:1583-1594.
325 Nadia Saeed, Muhammad Khalid Pervaiz and Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz [51] Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics 5th ed. Pacific Grove, Calif: Duxbury, 2000; 308. [52] Royston P. Exact Conditional and Unconditional Sample Size for Pair-Matched Studies with Binary Outcome: A Practical Guide. Statistics in Medicine 1993; 12:699-712. [53] Russell V. Lenth (2001), some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination. [54] Samuels ML, Lu TFC. Sample Size Requirement for the Back-of-the-Envelope Binomia l Confidence Interval. American Statistician 1992; 46:228-231. [55] Satten GA, Kupper LL. Sample Size Requirements for Interval Estimation of the Odds Ratio. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990; 131:177-84. [56] Shih WJ, Zhao PL. Design for Sample Size Re-estimation with Interim Data for Double Blind, Clinical Trials with Binary Outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 1997; 16:1913-1923. [57] Shuster, J. J. (1990), CRC Handbook of Sample Size Guidelines for Clinical Trials, CRC Press, Boca Raton. [58] Signorini DF. Sample Size for Poisson Regression. Biometrika 1991; 78:446-450. [59] Singh, D., Chaudhary, F.S., Sample Survey Desins, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, (1968). [60] Streiner DL. Sample -Size Formulae for Parameter Estimation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1994; 78:275-84. [61] Thomas, L. (1998), “Statistical power analysis software,” http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/ conservation/power/. [62] Thomas, L. (1997), “Retrospective Power Analysis,” Conservation Biology, 11, 276–280. [63] Thomas RG, Conlon M. Sample Size Determination Based on Fisher’s Exact Test for Use in 2 2 Comparative Trials with Low Event Rates. Controlled Clinical Trials 1992; 13: 134-147. [64] Taylor, D. J. and Muller, K. E. (1995), “Computing Confidence Bounds for Power and Sample Size of theGeneral Linear Univariate Model,” The American Statistician, 49, 43–47. [65] Wheeler, R. E. (1974), “Portable Power,” Techno metrics, 16, 193–201. [66] Whitehead J. Sample Size Calculations for Ordered Categorical Data. Statistics in Medicine 1993; 12:2257-2271. [67] Whittemore AS. Sample Size for Logistic Regression with Small Response Probability. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1981; 76:27-32 [68] Wright, T. (1997), “A simple algorithm for tighter exact upper confidence bounds with rare attributes in finite universes,” Statistics and Probability Letters, 36, 59–67. 11
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325 Nadia Saeed, Muhammad Khalid Pervaiz and Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz<br />
[51] Rosner B. Fundamentals <strong>of</strong> biostatistics 5th ed. Pacific Grove, Calif: Duxbury, 2000; 308.<br />
[52] Royston P. Exact Conditional and Unconditional Sample Size for Pair-Matched Studies with<br />
Binary Outcome: A Practical Guide. Statistics in Medicine 1993; 12:699-712.<br />
[53] Russell V. Lenth (2001), some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination.<br />
[54] Samuels ML, Lu TFC. Sample Size Requirement for the Back-<strong>of</strong>-the-Envelope Binomia l<br />
Confidence Interval. American Statistician 1992; 46:228-231.<br />
[55] Satten GA, Kupper LL. Sample Size Requirements for Interval Estimation <strong>of</strong> the Odds Ratio.<br />
American <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Epidemiology 1990; 131:177-84.<br />
[56] Shih WJ, Zhao PL. Design for Sample Size Re-estimation with Interim Data for Double Blind,<br />
Clinical Trials with Binary Outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 1997; 16:1913-1923.<br />
[57] Shuster, J. J. (1990), CRC Handbook <strong>of</strong> Sample Size Guidelines for Clinical Trials, CRC Press,<br />
Boca Raton.<br />
[58] Signorini DF. Sample Size for Poisson Regression. Biometrika 1991; 78:446-450.<br />
[59] Singh, D., Chaudhary, F.S., Sample Survey Desins, New Age International Publishers, New<br />
Delhi, (1968).<br />
[60] Streiner DL. Sample -Size Formulae for Parameter Estimation. Perceptual and Motor Skills<br />
1994; 78:275-84.<br />
[61] Thomas, L. (1998), “Statistical power analysis s<strong>of</strong>tware,” http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/<br />
conservation/power/.<br />
[62] Thomas, L. (1997), “Retrospective Power Analysis,” Conservation Biology, 11, 276–280.<br />
[63] Thomas RG, Conlon M. Sample Size Determination Based on Fisher’s Exact Test for Use in 2<br />
2 Comparative Trials with Low Event Rates. Controlled Clinical Trials 1992; 13: 134-147.<br />
[64] Taylor, D. J. and Muller, K. E. (1995), “Computing Confidence Bounds for Power and Sample<br />
Size <strong>of</strong> theGeneral Linear Univariate Model,” The American Statistician, 49, 43–47.<br />
[65] Wheeler, R. E. (1974), “Portable Power,” Techno metrics, 16, 193–201.<br />
[66] Whitehead J. Sample Size Calculations for Ordered Categorical Data. Statistics in Medicine<br />
1993; 12:2257-2271.<br />
[67] Whittemore AS. Sample Size for Logistic Regression with Small Response Probability. <strong>Journal</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> the American Statistical Association 1981; 76:27-32<br />
[68] Wright, T. (1997), “A simple algorithm for tighter exact upper confidence bounds with rare<br />
attributes in finite universes,” Statistics and Probability Letters, 36, 59–67. 11
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