VA U.S. History I Unit 1 Student Book Sample

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©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 1
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Used by more than
1 million students
The Facts!
A trusted source in Virginia for more than 20 years
100% aligned, 100% comprehensive, 100% correlated with the
Virginia Standards of Learning
Not adapted from a “generic” 50-state program – every word,
every activity, every map skill, every online resource, and
every assessment was written based on Virginia’s standards and
Virginia’s Curriculum Framework
Products are continuously updated to reflect any Virginia
Department of Education revisions to curriculum
Designed to empower students of every learning style to achieve
their full academic potential
More activities and more variety than any other source:
• timelines
• inferences
• primary source
• maps
• H.O.T.
analysis
• fact or opinion • graphic organizers
• comparing multiple
sources
• cause-and-effect • compare and
• point-of-view
contrast
• predicting outcomes
• comprehension
• true or false
• opinion/argument
writing
• text-dependent
• research
• informational writing
questions
• investigation
• classifying
• problem-solution • summarize
• charts and graphs
• chronology • main idea
• and more!!!
• data analysis • geography
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for more information visit us at www.gallopadecurriculum.com
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Dear Student,
A Word from the Author...
Welcome to an incredible adventure—learning about the United States!
You have already learned about Virginia and the important role this
great state played in the founding of our nation. This year, you will
explore much more about our country!
You will explore with early explorers to discover why European
countries came to North America and what kind of greeting
they received from the American Indians already living
here. Then it’s on to life in the English colonies, where you
will discover what life was like in the different regions...
depending on who you were. You will learn why those
colonies eventually rebelled against Great Britain and
demanded their independence.
Next, you will follow along as our Founding Fathers write a Constitution and Bill of
Rights and create the government that we still use today! Then, you will saddle-up
(or catch a steam locomotive) to learn about the expansion of the American West,
and about the inventions and social trends that shaped a more modern America.
Before the year ends, you will learn why Americans fought each other in a Civil War
that nearly tore our country apart!
Regardless of whether you are studying this period of U.S. history for the very first
time or you know a lot about it already, you will have fun as you investigate and
experience critical moments in the history of our country.
U.S. history is full of cooperation, conflict, compromise, contributions, innovations,
creativity, entrepreneurship, and stories of people just like you. One day, you will be
creating U.S. history, and your preparation begins today! (Actually it already started,
but there’s no time to waste!)
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Now, come along with me on your very own Virginia Experience—
it’s the trip of a lifetime!
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 3
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MAP SKILL-
BUILDER
FASCINATING
FACT
CHARACTER
COUNTS
Icon Identification
RESEARCH IT
VOCABULARY
PRIMARY
SOURCE
COMPREHENSIVE QUIZZES & ACTIVITIES
Apply What You Learned
Assess Your Understanding
Cause and Effect
Charts and Graphs
Chronological Order
Classify Information
Compare and Contrast
Comprehensive Cross-Check
Critical Thinking
Data Analysis
Fact or Opinion
Gather Information
Inference
Key Concept Check-Point
One More for Fun
Order of Events
Point of View
Predict Possible Outcomes
MATH
DISCUSS IT
EXPRESS YOUR
OPINION
Problem-Solution
Quick Review
Rapid Recall
Reading for Information
True or False
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Table of Contents
UNIT 1: U.S. GEOGRAPHY 6
Chapter 1: Locating Continents and Oceans on Maps and Globes 6
Chapter 2: Geographic Regions in North America 10
Chapter 3: Land and Water Influence U.S. History 13
UNIT 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION IN THE 15TH & 16TH CENTURIES 19
Chapter 4: ESSENTIAL SKILLS: Using Primary and Secondary Sources to Learn About the Past 19
Chapter 5: Early Cultural Groups in North America 25
Chapter 6: Reasons for & Obstacles to Exploration 30
Chapter 7: European Interaction with American Indians 42
Chapter 8: European Interaction and Trade with Africa 47
UNIT 3: COLONIES IN AMERICA 52
Chapter 9: England Establishes Colonies 52
Chapter 10: Environment Impacts Colonial Life 64
Chapter 11: Colonial Life from Differing Perspectives 73
Chapter 12: British Control over the Colonies 76
UNIT 4: AMERICAN REVOLUTION—CAUSES & EVENTS 79
Chapter 13: Events Leading to the American Revolution 79
Chapter 14: The Declaration of Independence 89
Chapter 15: People and Events of the American Revolution 95
UNIT 5: A NEW GOVERNMENT FOR A NEW COUNTRY 107
Chapter 16: Foundations of the U.S. Government 107
Chapter 17: Accomplishments of Our First Five Presidents 120
UNIT 6: WESTWARD EXPANSION 123
Chapter 18: Territorial Expansion and Westward Migration 123
Chapter 19: Westward Expansion and Its Impact on American Indians 140
UNIT 7: NEW IDEAS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES 143
Chapter 20: Inventions Impact the Nation 143
Chapter 21: The Abolitionist Movement 149
Chapter 22: Women’s Suffrage Movement 152
UNIT 8: THE CIVIL WAR—CAUSES, EVENTS, & RESULTS 156
Chapter 23: Differences Divide the Nation 156
Chapter 24: States’ Rights and Slavery Increase Sectional Tensions 160
Chapter 25: Southern States Secede from the Union 165
Chapter 26: The U.S. Civil War 169
Chapter 27: Effects of the Civil War 180
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APPENDIX 186
• End of Year Test • Glossary • Index
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 5
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UNIT 1
U.S. Geography
Chapter 1
Locating Continents and Oceans on Maps and Globes
Key Terms
continent
ocean
Earth’s Seven Continents
Continents are large land masses surrounded by water.
There are seven continents on Earth. The seven continents
are North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia,
Antarctica, and Europe.
Europe is not entirely surrounded by water, but it is still
considered a continent. Europe is located next to Asia.
The large land mass that includes Europe and Asia is
sometimes called Eurasia.
You can see what the continents look like by looking at maps and
globes. Satellites take photographs of Earth from outer space.
These photographs show what the continents look like.
Charts & Graphs
Correlates with USI.1b; USI.2a
This table lists the continents in alphabetical order.
Write the names of the continents in order by size from the largest to the smallest.
CONTINENT
SIZE IN SQUARE MILES
Africa 11,677,240
Antarctica 5,500,000
Asia 17,139,000
Australia 2,967,877
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
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Europe 4,000,000
North America 9,400,000
South America 6,880,000
5. ______________________________
6. ______________________________
7. ______________________________
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 6
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Map Skill-Builder
Use your answers from the Charts & Graphs activity on the previous page to label the continents.
Then check a world map online or in your classroom to see if you are correct!
3
4
6
2
5
1
7
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Earth’s Five Oceans
Oceans are large bodies of water on Earth. The five oceans are
the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
and Southern Ocean.
Charts & Graphs
Use the table to find each ocean on the map below.
Write the corresponding number to the left of each ocean name.
Ocean
____ Pacific Ocean
____ Atlantic Ocean
____ Southern Ocean
____ Indian Ocean
____ Arctic Ocean
5
2
1
Location
to the west of North and South America
to the west of Europe and Africa
to the north of Antarctica
to the east of Africa
to the north of Europe
4
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3
5
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 8
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Identifying Continents and Oceans —
By Shape and Location
The seven continents and five oceans are major physical features of Earth. You can locate
them on a map or globe. You should be able to identify them, even if they are not labeled!
These two pictures show
a globe viewed from two
opposite sides. Identify each
North
of the seven continents. Use
America
colored pencils or markers
to trace their shapes. Try to
memorize each continent’s
Pacific
name, shape, and location in
Ocean
relation to other continents.
Also identify each of the
five oceans. Look at which
continents they are near and
try to memorize their names and locations too.
Map Skill-Builder
Atlantic
Ocean
South
America
Arctic Ocean
Europe
Asia
Africa
Indian
Ocean
Australia
Southern
Ocean
Antarctica
Cover the pictures above. From memory, label the 7 continents and 5 oceans on the
map below. Add a map title, compass rose, and map key. Once you have finished
(or labeled all you remember), uncover the pictures above and check your work.
Correct errors or omissions, if any, so your map is accurately labeled. Continue to
study the names, shapes, and locations of the continents and oceans until you know
them all by memory.
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©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 9
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Chapter 2
Geographic Regions in North America
Key Terms
region
location
physical characteristics
North America’s Geographic Regions:
Correlates with USI.1b; USI.2b
A region is an area or division of the world. Geographic regions have distinctive
characteristics. Each region is different or separate from other regions in some way.
North America has eight major geographic regions. From flat lands to mountains, and from
deserts to water, these regions cover North America.
Each region is defined by location and physical characteristics.
1. Coastal Plain: Located along the Atlantic
Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Made up of
broad lowlands, providing many excellent
harbors.
2. Appalachian Mountains: Located west
of the Coastal Plain, extending from
eastern Canada to western Alabama,
including the Piedmont. Made up of old,
eroded mountains, including the oldest
mountain range in North America.
3. Canadian Shield: Located around the
Hudson Bay, wrapped in a horseshoe
shape. Made up of hills worn by erosion
and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers.
4. Interior Lowlands: Located west of the
Appalachian Mountains and east of the
Great Plains, extending from Minnesota
from the north and Kentucky from the
east. Made up of rolling flatlands with
many rivers, broad river valleys, and
grassy hills.
5. Great Plains: Located west of the
Interior Lowlands and east of the Rocky
Mountains. Made up of flat grasslands
that gradually increase in elevation
westward, stretching from Montana to
Texas.
6. Rocky Mountains: Located west of
the Great Plains and east of the Basin
and Range. Made up of high, rugged
mountains stretching from Alaska
almost to Mexico and containing the
Continental Divide, which determines
which direction rivers flow.
7. Basin and Range: Made up of varying
elevations containing isolated mountain
ranges and Death Valley, which is in
eastern California and is the lowest point
in North America.
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8. Coastal Range: Made up of rugged
mountains and fertile valleys. Includes the
Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains.
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 10
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CANADA
Map Skill-Builder
Use the information about each geographic region to identify the region on this map.
Write the number in the map legend that corresponds to each region in the boxes on the map.
MAP LEGEND
1. Canadian Shield
2. Appalachian Mountains
3. Rocky Mountains
4. Great Plains
5. Coastal Range
6. Coastal Plain
7. Basin and Range
8. Interior Lowlands
Atlantic
Ocean
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Pacific
Ocean
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 11
~ This book is not reproducible. ~

Classify Information
Look at each picture or photograph and decide which region the landforms or bodies
of water shown best describe. Write your answers on the line under each picture.
long, sandy beaches
grasslands
glacier-carved lakes
Death Valley
Continental Divide
old, eroded mountains
rolling hills, rivers
Sierra Nevada
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©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 12
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Chapter 3
Land and Water Influence U.S. History
Key Terms
geographic features
land features
trade
ports
Correlates with USI.1b-c; USI.2c-d
bodies of water
Key Geographic Features in the United States
Land and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in U.S. history.
It is important to be able to recognize key geographic features on maps, diagrams, and
photographs. This skill will help you interpret geographic tools and understand the impact of
geographic features.
Water features in the
United States include:
lakes
large body of water
surrounded by land
rivers
large stream of water that flows
into a larger body of water
tributaries
a stream that feeds into a
larger river, or lake
gulfs
a large body of water partly
surrounded by land
bays
a small body of water, partially
set off from the main body
Land features in the
United States include:
mountains
land that rises high above surrounding
areas; usually by at least 1,000 feet
hills
land that gradually rises
above the surrounding area;
smaller than a mountain
plains
large areas of flat or gently
rolling land
plateaus
land that rises sharply
and is flat on top
islands
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land surrounded by water
peninsulas
land surrounded on three sides
by water
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 13
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Compare and Contrast
Describe the main difference between the two geographic features listed in each pair.
Be sure to use both terms in your answers.
1. mountain hill
______________________________________________________________________________
2. hill plateau
______________________________________________________________________________
3. island peninsula
______________________________________________________________________________
4. river tributary
______________________________________________________________________________
5. lake bay
______________________________________________________________________________
Map Skill-Builder
Use the Word Bank to identify the geographic features on the map of Virginia.
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Word Bank
bay river peninsula mountain
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 14
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Land and Water Influence U.S. History!
Land and water features have been important in the history of the United States.
Some of the ways they have influenced our history include:
Patterns of Trade
Land features affected the types of industry and
agriculture that developed in different regions.
Rivers linked cities in the middle of the country with
ports on major bodies of water. Goods were often
transported along rivers, allowing natural resources,
agriculture, and manufactured goods from interior
regions to trade or to be sold to people and businesses
in other parts of the United States—and the world.
Locations of Cities and Towns
European exploration and colonization of America was by ship, so most of the country’s first
settlements were along the Atlantic Ocean. Even as people migrated inland over time, cities
continued to develop in areas near bodies of water. These bodies of water provided water for
drinking, bathing, and agriculture. Large waterways also provided systems of transportation
for people and goods.
Westward (Frontier) Movement
People moved westward in search of open land and new opportunities. Some physical
characteristics encouraged settlement, such as in the Interior Lowlands. Some discouraged
settlement (at least at first), such as in the dry Great Plains. Crossing North America’s two
major mountain ranges brought its own set of challenges for westward moving settlers.
Rivers served as an important transportation network for early settlers moving west.
Agriculture and Fishing Industries
Fishing industries grew around America’s coastal areas, such as Virginia’s Eastern Shore.
Agriculture was the main livelihood in the South. Over time, farming and cattle-raising
became important in the Great Plains, especially as innovations made farming more efficient.
Express Your Opinion
Vocabulary
port: a location on a large body of
water where transportation comes
in from many locations and goods
are transferred to ships to be sent
to new locations
Did land or water have a more significant influence on expansion into the Western
frontier? Support your answer with examples from the text.
Bonus: Draw a map on a separate sheet of paper to show how either land or water
affected trade, location of towns, movement, and industries.
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 15
~ This book is not reproducible. ~

Bodies of Water Impact U.S. History
The United States has access to many different bodies of water. Bodies of water
have been important in the nation’s history. Some reasons why are that they support
interaction among the regions, they form borders, and they create links to other areas.
They are useful for trade, transportation, and settlement.
Impact of Large Bodies of Water
The Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts of the United States have provided access to other parts
of the world. So do the Great Lakes, as ships take the St. Lawrence River to the ocean.
Pacific Ocean
was an early
exploration
destination as a
route to Asia
Comprehensive Cross-Check
Great Lakes
inland port cities grew here as
a result of their connection to
the Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
provided the French and
Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other
parts of America
Match each body of water with its significance in U.S. history.
_____ 1. Great Lakes
_____ 2. Atlantic Ocean
_____ 3. Gulf of Mexico
_____ 4. Pacific Ocean
A. served as the highway for explorers, early settlers,
and later immigrants
B. provided the French and Spanish with exploration
routes to Mexico and other parts of America
C. inland port cities grew here
D. early exploration destination as a route to Asia
Atlantic Ocean
served as the
highway for
explorers, early
settlers, and later
immigrants
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Impact of Major Rivers
Rivers have been important to the United States from historical and geographical
perspectives. Rivers were an important source of water and life for American Indians,
explorers, and early settlers. Some rivers created links to United States ports and other
parts of the world.
Columbia River
was explored by Lewis and Clark and
was a gateway to the Pacific Ocean
Colorado River
was explored by the Spanish
and is often referred to as
the “lifeline of the southwest”
Rio Grande
forms part of the
border with Mexico
Fascinating Fact
When Lewis and Clark were exploring the Columbia
River, they were amazed by the number of salmon in the
river. On a good day of fishing, a man could catch a
hundred fish! They also noted how clear the water of
the river was. No matter how deep it was, they could
see the river bottom!
St. Lawrence River
forms part of the northeastern
border of the United States with
Canada and connects the
Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
Ohio River
was the gateway to
the west prior to the
Louisiana Purchase
Mississippi River and Missouri River
were the gateways to the West after the
Louisiana Purchase; they were also used to
transport farm and industrial products; they linked
to other parts of the world through the Gulf of
Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean or down to the
Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean
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Map Skill-Builder
This map of the United States’ bodies of water is ALL MIXED UP! Correct the label for each body of water shown.
Colorado River
River
Mississippi
Columbia River
Missouri River
Atlantic
Ocean
River
Ohio
Great Lakes
Gulf of Mexico
Rio Grande
St. Lawrence River
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Pacific
Ocean
©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Virginia US I • Page 18
~ This book is not reproducible. ~