Redefining Reality - The Intellectual Implications of Modern Science

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The attempts to do this can be traced back to 1943, when Warren switches and showed how one could build something like a Turing machine out of them. If we treat neurons as on/off switches, we can But neuroscience soon showed us that neurons are much more complicated. Real neurons have multiple dendrites that branch off and create incredibly complex webs of interconnections. Any models we make would have to be intricate neural networks or neural nets. This would require computers much faster and more powerful than anything available, and for quite a while, the project lay dormant. But it was revived in the 1980s when technology made it viable once again. Computer models need to have layers of analysis based on both feedback and feed-forward behaviors. A occurs when a system responds to a context, in this case, a set of values, by doing something. A feedback loop is where an algorithm’s output is fed back into the program as input. When a program engages in feed-forward behavior, it acts; then, the feedback behavior takes that action into account in reassessing the situation. In this way, the computer can act and learn from the results of past actions. It can improve itself at tasks. Add to this the ability to perform layers of analysis, and you have the ability to not just judge the likely successfulness of a given act but to come to generalized results about classes of similar acts. Having neural nets that are able to achieve results in different frames—having the ability to achieve what we might think of as different perspectives—may be the gateway to strong AI. 242
If intelligence or sentience is an emergent property, then this ability to create neural nets that are capable of working on different levels may be the key to having a machine that is capable of recognizing itself as a thing in the world. It perhaps experiencing understanding as we understand it. Warwick, . Whitby, . 2001: A Space Odyssey. Transcendence. John Searle distinguishes between weak AI—solving problems, successfully playing strategy games, and interacting with the environment—and strong AI—having an interior life with thoughts and feelings. Weak AI is something we are used to, but will computers ever achieve strong AI? Would strong AI make the computer into a person, with the rights, responsibilities, and privileges we grant to fellow humans? 243
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Topic Philosophy & Intellectual His
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Steven Gimbel, Ph.D. Professor of P
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Table of Contents LECTURE 11 Dark M
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Table of Contents SUPPLEMENTAL MATE
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: I and technological a
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This question allows us to turn fro
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The study of reality is what philos
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Semmelweis noticed that the inciden
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ut sometimes, even after checking t
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. The Matrix. We don’t believe
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Wisdom comes from rejecting the imp
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Thus, Aristotle’s prime mover, th
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Aristotle had said that an object
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For centuries, mathematics was cons
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th century, the Russian mathematici
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had turned their attention to logic
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Abbott, . Bell, Men of Mathematics.
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Scientists thought that the physica
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H. A. Lorentz had found, when you a
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Thinkers as far back as Gottfried L
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E grounds. First, the prin
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If you woke up tomorrow in a small
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speed up going in and slow down com
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Is it true that a difference that m
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Einstein thought, there would be lo
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Scientists largely hated this idea,
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If Gamow and Alpher’s work was ri
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Although physicists at the end of t
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In the 19 th century, there was the
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In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell publis
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The idea of a large central mass at
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We know, however, that for a given
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whether light is a particle or a wa
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is a particle, then the slits would
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One of the early results of quantum
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eams, we also knew that there were
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The hadrons are made up of quarks,
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As the meaning of the physics began
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The demon is a being with a super-i
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ignoring certain elements, we can c
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One of the simplest fractal pattern
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Earlier, we talked about Thomas Kuh
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so greatly separated that no proces
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een able to form in that environmen
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Nicolson, . Panek, . Our theories
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Similarly, James Clerk Maxwell, in
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But as we move away from the pole,
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Great press has been given to a pot
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Some people take the idea of a theo
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see from CAT scans that when someon
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Because we are just atoms, we, too,
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Would the randomness of quantum mec
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Aristotle thought that this world i
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If you select strange enough traits
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Although this aspect of the theory
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Darwin posited that children look l
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The key to understanding how we pas
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This picture of illness is quite di
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How much of who we are is determine
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inferred that the function of that
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a byproduct of mental illness, Freu
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With the genetic approach, we are w
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After Freud, psychology developed i
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experiences that are not our own, t
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Behaviorism was an attempt to make
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Psychology, which had begun as a se
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I th century, psychology had the lu
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part, in the group. To understand t
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acting in ways that showed a lack o
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has learned from the so-called barb
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led him to begin one of the most fa
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ules. We are now adult in our ethic
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In a contract-based relationship, y
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The study of psychology changed for
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Instead, we are a part of the world
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But it turns out that exposure to c
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Glickstein, . Lynch, . mean we
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But evolutionary psychologists Leda
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suited to solving these problems an
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As such, when we look at the innate
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In looking at reality, we can exami
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We see this also in the writings of
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one universal is crime. Crime is no
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To avoid such situations of anomie
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Historians create narratives that e
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Society is composed of individuals
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© Digital Vision/Thinkstock.
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The concept of race has long been a
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there are different combinations am
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Perhaps race is what Durkheim calle
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Gould, . Hernnstein and Murray, . K
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Slavery, for example, was a necessa
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Parsons’s picture is not the Marx
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In defeat, the smaller neighbors wo
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Economics became a science with the
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self-interest. Second, the large-sc
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Under the classical model, this sho
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How do we account for these effects
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If the star is large enough, when i
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Page 201 and 202: What environment on Earth could pro
Page 203 and 204: The possibility of life on other pl
Page 205 and 206: Our newfound alien interlocutors te
Page 207 and 208: Perhaps the best evidence for extra
Page 209 and 210: Mayor and Frei, . Morrison, Billing
Page 211 and 212: It has long been argued, however, t
Page 213 and 214: But the idea of using the body’s
Page 215 and 216: Although that seems worrisome, it i
Page 217 and 218: I equally much for how w
Page 219 and 220: The use of one’s DNA in creating
Page 221 and 222: With cytoplasmic transfer, the nucl
Page 223 and 224: Macintosh, . Given that multiple
Page 225 and 226: we could begin with the desired por
Page 227 and 228: The second step is trickier. Here,
Page 229 and 230: Aside from medical uses, we can alt
Page 231 and 232: We can now use medical technology t
Page 233 and 234: The problem here is that sometimes
Page 235 and 236: of disease and disorder. In America
Page 237 and 238: performance-enhancing drugs? We see
Page 239 and 240: Advances have led to hand-shaped ap
Page 241 and 242: Warwick then went a step further. H
Page 243 and 244: Scientists at MIT have taken DNA fr
Page 245 and 246: Computers can do many things, but c
Page 247 and 248: possible right answers. The machine
Page 249: player having a king and a pawn and
Page 253 and 254: enable us to become a global villag
Page 255 and 256: engineers used their technological
Page 257 and 258: Another intriguing development on t
Page 259 and 260: In these lectures, we’ve seen tha
Page 261 and 262: leave messages or comments, and whe
Page 263 and 264: This ability of mothers doesn’t m
Page 265 and 266: But Einstein showed us that the rea
Page 267 and 268: Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo. Linked: Th
Page 269 and 270: ———. The Descent of Man: and
Page 271 and 272: Gilligan, Carol. . Cambridg
Page 273 and 274: Kramer, Peter. . New York: Viking
Page 275 and 276: eings that we are willing to act in
Page 277 and 278: Rothman, Sheila M. Medical Enhance
Page 279 and 280: ———. . London: Century, 2002.
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