Redefining Reality - The Intellectual Implications of Modern Science

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is true, then it can’t be proven, but if it is false, then it would be provable. It is a contradiction if we adopt Russell’s view that mathematical truth and provability are the same thing. Because sentences about mathematics are mapped onto mathematical equations, then there would be truths of mathematics that are unprovable. No mathematical system could be both complete—contain all truths—and sound— contain only truths. Gödel showed that logic wasn’t enough to justify mathematical truth. Turing took Gödel’s work and crossed it with what Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm von Leibniz had done in the 17 th century with computing machines. Turing believed that if there was a rule, then a machine could be built to follow the rule. In this way, he came up with the idea for what we now know as . If Gödel had succeeded in translating talk about math into mathematical equations and we had machines that could solve mathematical equations, then we could develop machines that could do proofs. On the basis of this reasoning, Turing believed we could have machines do the abstract work for which we think we need human mathematicians. Just as this question became interesting, the British declared war on the Germans. The British were able to intercept German radio transmissions, but the Germans had developed the most complex encryption code ever created, the Enigma code. It was widely thought to be unbreakable. The code, however, was a translation problem similar to what Turing had seen in Gödel. Turing had worked on the question in terms of abstract machines. All he had to do was actually build one task, but he built it, and it worked. Turing’s machine cracked the German code. 238
possible right answers. The machine certainly seemed to think as well as a human, indeed, possibly better and faster. This prompted a philosophical question: How will we know when a machine can think? The answer to this question is what is known as the . According to Turing, the true test of AI is to play a sort of game with a computer. A player types questions into a computer and tries to determine whether the responses received come from another human or a computer. If the respondent is a computer but the player is incapable of determining that fact, AI will have been achieved. We can never get inside of other people’s minds. The only way we know that other humans are people like us is by the way they react to us and to the world. If a machine could do the same, then just as we attribute a mind to other people, we would have to attribute a mind to the machine. computer program written in 1965 by Joseph Weizenbaum. ELIZA was a complex program that allowed for conversational exchanges in natural language. It was set up to simulate the conversation between a patient and a psychiatrist, and it was so successful that many of those who interacted with ELIZA were convinced that it could not be a computer program. at stimulus and response. The American philosopher John Searle reintroduced the mind into the AI question with his famous Chinese room example. 239
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Topic Philosophy & Intellectual His
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Steven Gimbel, Ph.D. Professor of P
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Table of Contents LECTURE 11 Dark M
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Table of Contents SUPPLEMENTAL MATE
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: I and technological a
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This question allows us to turn fro
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The study of reality is what philos
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Semmelweis noticed that the inciden
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ut sometimes, even after checking t
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. The Matrix. We don’t believe
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Wisdom comes from rejecting the imp
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Thus, Aristotle’s prime mover, th
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Aristotle had said that an object
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For centuries, mathematics was cons
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th century, the Russian mathematici
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had turned their attention to logic
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Abbott, . Bell, Men of Mathematics.
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Scientists thought that the physica
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H. A. Lorentz had found, when you a
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Thinkers as far back as Gottfried L
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E grounds. First, the prin
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If you woke up tomorrow in a small
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speed up going in and slow down com
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Is it true that a difference that m
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Einstein thought, there would be lo
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Scientists largely hated this idea,
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If Gamow and Alpher’s work was ri
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Although physicists at the end of t
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In the 19 th century, there was the
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In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell publis
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The idea of a large central mass at
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We know, however, that for a given
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whether light is a particle or a wa
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is a particle, then the slits would
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One of the early results of quantum
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eams, we also knew that there were
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The hadrons are made up of quarks,
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As the meaning of the physics began
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The demon is a being with a super-i
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ignoring certain elements, we can c
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One of the simplest fractal pattern
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Earlier, we talked about Thomas Kuh
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so greatly separated that no proces
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een able to form in that environmen
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Nicolson, . Panek, . Our theories
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Similarly, James Clerk Maxwell, in
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But as we move away from the pole,
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Great press has been given to a pot
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Some people take the idea of a theo
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see from CAT scans that when someon
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Because we are just atoms, we, too,
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Would the randomness of quantum mec
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Aristotle thought that this world i
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If you select strange enough traits
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Although this aspect of the theory
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Darwin posited that children look l
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The key to understanding how we pas
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This picture of illness is quite di
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How much of who we are is determine
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inferred that the function of that
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a byproduct of mental illness, Freu
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With the genetic approach, we are w
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After Freud, psychology developed i
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experiences that are not our own, t
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Behaviorism was an attempt to make
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Psychology, which had begun as a se
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I th century, psychology had the lu
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part, in the group. To understand t
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acting in ways that showed a lack o
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has learned from the so-called barb
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led him to begin one of the most fa
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ules. We are now adult in our ethic
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In a contract-based relationship, y
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The study of psychology changed for
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Instead, we are a part of the world
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But it turns out that exposure to c
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Glickstein, . Lynch, . mean we
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But evolutionary psychologists Leda
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suited to solving these problems an
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As such, when we look at the innate
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In looking at reality, we can exami
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We see this also in the writings of
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one universal is crime. Crime is no
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To avoid such situations of anomie
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Historians create narratives that e
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Society is composed of individuals
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© Digital Vision/Thinkstock.
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The concept of race has long been a
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there are different combinations am
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Perhaps race is what Durkheim calle
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Gould, . Hernnstein and Murray, . K
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Slavery, for example, was a necessa
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Parsons’s picture is not the Marx
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In defeat, the smaller neighbors wo
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Economics became a science with the
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self-interest. Second, the large-sc
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Under the classical model, this sho
Page 195 and 196: How do we account for these effects
Page 197 and 198: If the star is large enough, when i
Page 199 and 200: © amenic181/iStock/Thinkstock.
Page 201 and 202: What environment on Earth could pro
Page 203 and 204: The possibility of life on other pl
Page 205 and 206: Our newfound alien interlocutors te
Page 207 and 208: Perhaps the best evidence for extra
Page 209 and 210: Mayor and Frei, . Morrison, Billing
Page 211 and 212: It has long been argued, however, t
Page 213 and 214: But the idea of using the body’s
Page 215 and 216: Although that seems worrisome, it i
Page 217 and 218: I equally much for how w
Page 219 and 220: The use of one’s DNA in creating
Page 221 and 222: With cytoplasmic transfer, the nucl
Page 223 and 224: Macintosh, . Given that multiple
Page 225 and 226: we could begin with the desired por
Page 227 and 228: The second step is trickier. Here,
Page 229 and 230: Aside from medical uses, we can alt
Page 231 and 232: We can now use medical technology t
Page 233 and 234: The problem here is that sometimes
Page 235 and 236: of disease and disorder. In America
Page 237 and 238: performance-enhancing drugs? We see
Page 239 and 240: Advances have led to hand-shaped ap
Page 241 and 242: Warwick then went a step further. H
Page 243 and 244: Scientists at MIT have taken DNA fr
Page 245: Computers can do many things, but c
Page 249 and 250: player having a king and a pawn and
Page 251 and 252: If intelligence or sentience is an
Page 253 and 254: enable us to become a global villag
Page 255 and 256: engineers used their technological
Page 257 and 258: Another intriguing development on t
Page 259 and 260: In these lectures, we’ve seen tha
Page 261 and 262: leave messages or comments, and whe
Page 263 and 264: This ability of mothers doesn’t m
Page 265 and 266: But Einstein showed us that the rea
Page 267 and 268: Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo. Linked: Th
Page 269 and 270: ———. The Descent of Man: and
Page 271 and 272: Gilligan, Carol. . Cambridg
Page 273 and 274: Kramer, Peter. . New York: Viking
Page 275 and 276: eings that we are willing to act in
Page 277 and 278: Rothman, Sheila M. Medical Enhance
Page 279 and 280: ———. . London: Century, 2002.
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