Redefining Reality - The Intellectual Implications of Modern Science

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© inarik/iStock/Thinkstock. Just as the sperm may be donated, so may be the egg. Once the egg is fertilized, it can be implanted. The egg may be from a donor and implanted into the body of the woman seeking to raise the child, or it may be implanted in a surrogate who will then carry the fetus to term and give birth. Although the surrogate may have considerable effect on its health and well-being long after the birth. is the process of inserting mitochondria from one egg into another. The process is used to correct problems in a woman’s eggs if she wants to use her own eggs for IVF. Recall that there are two different kinds of DNA in all cells: the nuclear DNA inside the nucleus of the cell and the mitochondrial DNA outside of it. Although the nuclear DNA is the result of contributions from both parents, the mitochondrial DNA is passed completely from the mother to the child. 212
With cytoplasmic transfer, the nuclear DNA is partially from Woman 1 and partially from the father, but the mitochondrial DNA is from Woman 2 (the mitochondrial mother). The availability of this process introduces yet another potential “parent” into the development of a child. The most radical version of IVF, however, occurs when the genetic code is hollowed out of a donated egg and replaced with another genome; the zygote is then implanted to be brought to term. This procedure is cloning. When an animal is cloned, the entire internal instruction manual from one being is implanted into the egg of another so that the offspring will be genetically identical to the donor in terms of nuclear DNA. Without a cytoplasmic transfer, the mitochondrial DNA will be that of the egg donor. In this way, the clone will be slightly different on a cellular level than the being that was cloned, but this is not a difference that will express itself in the observable properties of the clone. born in 1996, and many believed that the age of cloning had begun. originally thought. Only about 3% of cloning experiments succeed, and serious problems are observed in those that are successful. Obesity, enlarged organs, undeveloped lungs, developmental delays, kidney problems, joint and liver issues, and brain and immune rates in cloned animals. Ordinarily, an egg has months to assimilate its genetic code, but when cloning occurs, a rapid taking in of the DNA by the egg causes problems. The egg gets the new internal instruction manual, but in 213
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Topic Philosophy & Intellectual His
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Steven Gimbel, Ph.D. Professor of P
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Table of Contents LECTURE 11 Dark M
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Table of Contents SUPPLEMENTAL MATE
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: I and technological a
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This question allows us to turn fro
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The study of reality is what philos
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Semmelweis noticed that the inciden
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ut sometimes, even after checking t
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. The Matrix. We don’t believe
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Wisdom comes from rejecting the imp
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Thus, Aristotle’s prime mover, th
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Aristotle had said that an object
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For centuries, mathematics was cons
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th century, the Russian mathematici
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had turned their attention to logic
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Abbott, . Bell, Men of Mathematics.
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Scientists thought that the physica
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H. A. Lorentz had found, when you a
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Thinkers as far back as Gottfried L
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E grounds. First, the prin
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If you woke up tomorrow in a small
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speed up going in and slow down com
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Is it true that a difference that m
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Einstein thought, there would be lo
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Scientists largely hated this idea,
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If Gamow and Alpher’s work was ri
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Although physicists at the end of t
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In the 19 th century, there was the
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In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell publis
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The idea of a large central mass at
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We know, however, that for a given
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whether light is a particle or a wa
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is a particle, then the slits would
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One of the early results of quantum
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eams, we also knew that there were
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The hadrons are made up of quarks,
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As the meaning of the physics began
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The demon is a being with a super-i
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ignoring certain elements, we can c
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One of the simplest fractal pattern
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Earlier, we talked about Thomas Kuh
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so greatly separated that no proces
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een able to form in that environmen
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Nicolson, . Panek, . Our theories
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Similarly, James Clerk Maxwell, in
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But as we move away from the pole,
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Great press has been given to a pot
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Some people take the idea of a theo
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see from CAT scans that when someon
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Because we are just atoms, we, too,
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Would the randomness of quantum mec
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Aristotle thought that this world i
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If you select strange enough traits
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Although this aspect of the theory
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Darwin posited that children look l
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The key to understanding how we pas
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This picture of illness is quite di
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How much of who we are is determine
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inferred that the function of that
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a byproduct of mental illness, Freu
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With the genetic approach, we are w
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After Freud, psychology developed i
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experiences that are not our own, t
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Behaviorism was an attempt to make
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Psychology, which had begun as a se
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I th century, psychology had the lu
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part, in the group. To understand t
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acting in ways that showed a lack o
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has learned from the so-called barb
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led him to begin one of the most fa
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ules. We are now adult in our ethic
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In a contract-based relationship, y
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The study of psychology changed for
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Instead, we are a part of the world
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But it turns out that exposure to c
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Glickstein, . Lynch, . mean we
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But evolutionary psychologists Leda
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suited to solving these problems an
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As such, when we look at the innate
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In looking at reality, we can exami
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We see this also in the writings of
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one universal is crime. Crime is no
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To avoid such situations of anomie
Page 169 and 170: Historians create narratives that e
Page 171 and 172: Society is composed of individuals
Page 173 and 174: © Digital Vision/Thinkstock.
Page 175 and 176: The concept of race has long been a
Page 177 and 178: there are different combinations am
Page 179 and 180: Perhaps race is what Durkheim calle
Page 181 and 182: Gould, . Hernnstein and Murray, . K
Page 183 and 184: Slavery, for example, was a necessa
Page 185 and 186: Parsons’s picture is not the Marx
Page 187 and 188: In defeat, the smaller neighbors wo
Page 189 and 190: Economics became a science with the
Page 191 and 192: self-interest. Second, the large-sc
Page 193 and 194: Under the classical model, this sho
Page 195 and 196: How do we account for these effects
Page 197 and 198: If the star is large enough, when i
Page 199 and 200: © amenic181/iStock/Thinkstock.
Page 201 and 202: What environment on Earth could pro
Page 203 and 204: The possibility of life on other pl
Page 205 and 206: Our newfound alien interlocutors te
Page 207 and 208: Perhaps the best evidence for extra
Page 209 and 210: Mayor and Frei, . Morrison, Billing
Page 211 and 212: It has long been argued, however, t
Page 213 and 214: But the idea of using the body’s
Page 215 and 216: Although that seems worrisome, it i
Page 217 and 218: I equally much for how w
Page 219: The use of one’s DNA in creating
Page 223 and 224: Macintosh, . Given that multiple
Page 225 and 226: we could begin with the desired por
Page 227 and 228: The second step is trickier. Here,
Page 229 and 230: Aside from medical uses, we can alt
Page 231 and 232: We can now use medical technology t
Page 233 and 234: The problem here is that sometimes
Page 235 and 236: of disease and disorder. In America
Page 237 and 238: performance-enhancing drugs? We see
Page 239 and 240: Advances have led to hand-shaped ap
Page 241 and 242: Warwick then went a step further. H
Page 243 and 244: Scientists at MIT have taken DNA fr
Page 245 and 246: Computers can do many things, but c
Page 247 and 248: possible right answers. The machine
Page 249 and 250: player having a king and a pawn and
Page 251 and 252: If intelligence or sentience is an
Page 253 and 254: enable us to become a global villag
Page 255 and 256: engineers used their technological
Page 257 and 258: Another intriguing development on t
Page 259 and 260: In these lectures, we’ve seen tha
Page 261 and 262: leave messages or comments, and whe
Page 263 and 264: This ability of mothers doesn’t m
Page 265 and 266: But Einstein showed us that the rea
Page 267 and 268: Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo. Linked: Th
Page 269 and 270: ———. The Descent of Man: and
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Gilligan, Carol. . Cambridg
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Kramer, Peter. . New York: Viking
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eings that we are willing to act in
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Rothman, Sheila M. Medical Enhance
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———. . London: Century, 2002.
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