Redefining Reality - The Intellectual Implications of Modern Science

led him to begin one of the most famous research programs in the
history of psychology: raising baby monkeys with wire or cloth
surrogate mothers.
Harlow found that monkeys raised with wire surrogates exhibited a
greater degree of psychological distress and abnormal development,
which led to them becoming maladjusted adults. He also found that
baby monkeys preferred the cloth surrogates, even if they weren’t
biological needs; they were necessary for emotional development.
Harlow’s work meant that the mind, the internal world of personal
experience, had to be reinserted into psychology. The behaviorists’
attempt to limit the world and vocabulary of psychology to only
observable stimuli and responses created a universe that was too
once again include the mind and mental states, not only as existing
but as central elements in who we are as human beings.
At the University of Chicago, Lawrence Kohlberg became
interested in the ways we develop our internal means of moral
into three groups of two (shown below). He found that some people
use each stage to propel themselves to the next—to a more mature
approach to ethical dilemmas—and others progress up to a point,
then become stuck at one level.
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