Peace & Freedom: 2023 Fall/Winner issue

In terms of political systems, of the 20 MENA
states examined by The Economist Intelligence
Unit (EIU) in its periodic report on democracy, fully
17 are authoritarian and just three are deemed
“hybrid” or flawed democracies. 5 Such patterns
and trends suggest both the tremendous capacity
of MENA citizens to organize and mobilize for
change, and the obstacles they face in having
a wider and deeper impact. In the fall of 2022,
Iran saw an unprecedented wave of nationwide
protests following the death in police custody
of a young Kurdish-Iranian woman, Mahsa Jina
Amini, who had been arrested in September for
improper hejab. Joined by men of all ages and
ethnicities, the protests were led by schoolgirls
and female university students who defiantly
removed and burned their headscarves. For several months,
the authorities were reluctant to reinstate mandatory hejab,
but by October 2023, it appeared that the hejab law would
be enforced.
After a decade-long delay, a bill on abuse and harassment of
women was passed by Iran’s parliament in April 2023, although
it awaits final endorsement by the Guardian Council (Iran’s version
of a Supreme Court). Other MENA countries had already
adopted violence-against-women (VAW) laws: Jordan adopted
a law against honor crimes in 2008, the Kurdistan Region of
Iraq in 2011, Saudi Arabia in 2013, Lebanon in 2014, Algeria
2015, Tunisia in 2017, Bahrain and Morocco in 2018, and the
UAE in 2019. Egypt adopted new measures to strengthen
the prohibition of female genital mutilation. Egypt’s national
strategy to combat violence against women, adopted in 2015,
seeks to coordinate efforts by the government, the National
Council for Women, the National Committee on the Eradication
of Female Genital Mutilation, and civil society.
Several countries have repealed their “marry-your-rapist”
laws that enabled a rapist to escape prosecution if he married
his victim. In Morocco, article 475 of the penal code was
repealed in 2014 after the suicide of a rape victim who had
been forced to marry her rapist, which had produced widespread
women-led protests. Additional reforms across MENA
include the following:
• In Oman, passport application procedures are now equal
for men and women;
• Kuwait and Lebanon enacted laws protecting women
from sexual harassment in employment, including criminal
penalties for such conduct;
• Bahrain now mandates equal remuneration for work of
equal status;
Military expenditure (% of GDP) - Middle East & North Africa. Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International
Security.
• The Egyptian government enacted legislation to ease
procedures for women’s access to credit.
Such legal advances are the result of years of feminist advocacy,
lobbying, and protests.
Wither Peace and (Human) Security?
Unfortunately, women’s political presence seems not to have
made a dent on peace and security matters. United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1325, which launched the
Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda, requires states
to prepare National Action Plans (NAPs). As of October 2023,
only seven of the 20 MENA countries had prepared a NAP. Iraq
was the first to prepare one (in 2014), followed by Jordan and
Palestine (2017), Tunisia (2018), Lebanon and Yemen (2019),
and the UAE (2021). Morocco announced the launch of its
NAP in 2022, although details are yet to be made available.
The League of Arab States produced a regional plan which
purports to cover the entire Arab region. And yet hardly any
of the NAPs includes an explicit budget and timetable for
achievement of specific goals. Moreover, neither the NAPs nor
MENA women’s political presence has been able to mitigate
the continued tensions, rivalries, and conflicts in the region,
nor have they helped to reduce military spending.
The most recent data on military spending as a percent
of GDP (a nation’s gross domestic product) show very high
spending for the Gulf states: Saudi Arabia 6.6%, Oman 7.3%,
Kuwait 6.7%, Qatar 4.8%, and Bahrain 3.6%. There also
are high rates in Algeria (5.6%) and Israel (5.2%). Morocco’s
spending has increased to over 4% of GDP. Data from the
Swedish International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) shows a
high figure for Libya for 2013 – military spending constitutes
7.6% of GDP; this compares to a mere 1.8% in 2008 under
Ghaddafi. 6 In recent years, Tunisia has increased its military
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