The Construction of National Identity and its Challenges in Post-Yugoslav Censuses

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900 Social Science Quarterly polarized contexts, like Kosovo). For example, Slavic Muslims in the Sandžak region are more likely to identify as Bosniaks and Bosnian speaking in Serbia than in Montenegro. The key difference is that Bosniaks in Serbia have been more marginalized by the state, while Bosniaks in Montenegro have been more successfully integrated into state structures. Similarly, within Croatia, the congruence of the number of Serbs and Serbian speakers is greater in polarized, postconflict settings than in regions that did not experience the war. 10 Self-identified Yugoslavs in socialist Yugoslavia have mostly disappeared, but in settings where ethno-national polarization was limited, they were not easily absorbed into the national identities of the postwar and post-Yugoslav states. In these circumstances, they appear to have rather opted out of these identities through choosing not to provide their national identity, and indicating regional or other nonnational identities. With the exception of Bosnia, individuals are unable to choose a state identity that is not congruent with the ethno-national identity. As a result, the identification with a state that was possible with Yugoslavs is no longer possible. This article has two implications for the study of nationalism. First, the study of censuses provides a fruitful site of research, as they are an instance where categories are imposed, negotiated, accepted, and rejected. Second, considering the significance of censuses, they remain understudied in deeply divided societies where census results shape political competition and influence potential conflict. REFERENCES Abramson, David. 2002. “Identity Counts: The Soviet Legacy and the Census in Uzbekistan.” Pp. 176–201 in D. I. Kertzer and D. Arel, eds., Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Benedict. 2008. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,rev.ed. London,NewYork:Verso. Anderson, Margo, and Stephen E. Fienberg. 1999. Who Counts? The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Arel, Dominique. 2002. “Language Categories in Censuses: Backward- or Forward-Looking?” Pp. 92–120 in D. I. Kertzer and D. Arel, eds., Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Armakolas, Ioannis, and Maja Maksimovic. 2014. “Memory and the Uses of Wartime Past in Contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Case of the Bosniak Campaign for the October 2013 Population Census.” Science and Society. Journal of Political and Moral Theory 32:59–93. Available at 〈http://www2.media. uoa.gr/sas/issues/32_issue/02.html〉. B92. 2011. Montenegro’s Jedi Minority Attracts Attention. November 7. Available at 〈http://www.b92.net/ eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2011&mm=04&dd=07&nav_id=73677〉. Barlovac. 2011. Kosovo Serbs at Loggerheads Over Census. March 30. Available at 〈http://www.balkaninsight. com/en/article/serbs-split-on-kosovo-census〉. Bhagat, Ram B. 2006. “Census and Caste Enumeration: British Legacy and Contemporary Practice in India.” Genus 62(2):119–34. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. “Public Opinion Does Not Exist.” Pp. 124–30 in A. Mattelart and S. Siegelaub, eds., Communication and Class Struggle (Vol. I). New York: International General & Bagnolet (France), International Mass Media Research Center. 10 Thus in Vukovar the ratio between Serbian speakers to Serbs is 22.07 percent to 34.87 percent, whereas in Vrbovsko (a town close to Rijeka in the Gorski Kotar region largely uneffected by the war), it is 1.26–35.22 percent.
The Construction of National Identity and its Challenges 901 Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. Ethnicity Without Groups. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press. Burg, Steven L., and Michael L. Berbaum. 1989. “Community, Integration, and Stability in Multinational Yugoslavia.” American Political Science Review 83(2):535–54. Cohn, Bernard S. 1987. “The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia.” Pp. 224–55 in An Anthropologist Among the Historians and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Collaku, Perit. 2011, “Kosovo Census to Start Without the North.” Balkan Insight March 29. Available at 〈http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-census-starts-without-northern-kosovo〉. Cusak, Carole M. 2010. Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Aldershot: Ashgate. Daskalovski, Zhidas. 2013. “Census Taking and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Macedonia.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13(3):365–79. Dimitrovova, Bohdana. 2001. “Bosniak or Muslim? Dilemma of One Nation with Two Names.” Southeast European Politics 2(2):94–108. Dnevni Avaz. 2013. “Bošnjaci budite Bošnjaci.” September 24:2. Duijzings, Ger. 2000. Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. London, Hurst. Eurostat. 2013. 2011 Population Census Framework: Factsheets on Population Censuses in the Enlargement Countries. Luxembourg: Eurostat. Filatov, Sergei, and Roman Lunkin. 2006. “Statistics on Religion in Russia: The Reality Behind the Figures.” Religion, State and Society 34(1):33–49. Friedman, Victor A. 1996. “Observing the Observers: Language, Ethnicity, and Power in the 1994 Macedonian Census and Beyond.” Pp. 81–105 in B. R. Rubin, ed., Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Europe: Conflict Prevention in the South Balkans. New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press. Goldscheider, Calvin. 2002. “Ethnic Categorizations in Censuses: Comparative Observations from Israel, Canada, and the United States.” Pp. 71–91 in D. I. Kertzer and D. Arel, eds., Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Census. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greenberg, Robert. 2008. Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration.Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hale, Henry E. 2000. “The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting.” British Journal of Political Science 30(1):31–56. Hirschman, Charles. 1987. “The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classification.” Journal of Asian Studies 46(3):555–82. Horowitz, Donald. 2000. Ethnic Groups in Conflict, updated ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Imamović, Semir. 2012. “Bitno biti Bošnjak.” Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Herzegovini October 23. Available at 〈http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15228:bitno-je-bitibosnjak&catid=201&Itemid=458〉. Isailović, Neven. 2011. “Ko su (bili) Jugosloveni?” Peščanik September 29. Available at 〈http://pescanik. net/2011/09/ko-su-bili-jugosloveni/print/〉. Jansen, Stef. 2005. “National Numbers in Context: Maps and Stats in Representations of the Post-Yugoslav Wars.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 12(1):45–68. Jenne, Erin, and Florian Bieber. 2014. “Situational Nationalism: Nation-Building in the Balkans, Subversive Institutions and the Montenegrin Paradox.” Ethnopolitics 13(5):431–60. Jović, Dejan. 2011. “U Žarištu: Popis stanovništva. Bitka za etnički status u postjugoslovenskim državma.” Politička analiza 5:36–45. Available at 〈http://www.fpzg.unizg.hr/docs/PA/PA5-Jovic-Bitka-zaetnicki-status.pdf〉. Kertzer, David I., and Dominique Arel. 2002. “Censuses, Identity Formation, and the Struggle for Political Power.” Pp. 1–42 in D. I. Kertzer and D. Arel, eds., Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Census. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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