insect id for south florida master gardeners - Miami-Dade County ...
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INSECT ID FOR<br />
SOUTH FLORIDA<br />
MASTER GARDENERS<br />
PREPARED BY:<br />
Adrian Hunsberger<br />
Extension Agent, Urban Horticulture<br />
& Entomologist<br />
University of Flor<strong>id</strong>a/<br />
<strong>Miami</strong>-<strong>Dade</strong> <strong>County</strong><br />
Extension<br />
Images prov<strong>id</strong>ed by T. Weissling & A. Hunsberger
1) Segmented body<br />
Insects are Arthropods:<br />
2) appendages segmented (from which the phylum gets its<br />
name. Arthropoda = articulated legs).
3) A chitinous exoskeleton, periodically shed & renewed<br />
as the immature animal grows.<br />
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Leon Higley<br />
The arthropoda is div<strong>id</strong>ed into 4 smaller groups called<br />
classes:<br />
Crustacea – Crawfish & Crabs!!!<br />
Myriapoda—Centipedes, millipedes.<br />
Arachn<strong>id</strong>a (Chelicerata)--sp<strong>id</strong>ers<br />
Insecta
Millipedes<br />
• 2 body regions<br />
Elongate or “wormlike ”<br />
Rounded in cross section<br />
2 pairs of legs per body segment<br />
Centipedes<br />
Resemble millipedes<br />
Flattened in cross section<br />
1 pair of legs per body section
Sp<strong>id</strong>ers, Mites and Ticks<br />
(Arachn<strong>id</strong>a)<br />
2 body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen)<br />
4 pairs of legs<br />
No antennae<br />
Sp<strong>id</strong>ers have eight simple eyes<br />
Ticks are large mites<br />
Arachn<strong>id</strong>a<br />
--no antennae<br />
--8 legs
On Black olive<br />
Eriophy<strong>id</strong> mites<br />
On Satin leaf<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Sp<strong>id</strong>er-Mite Webbing<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Two-Spotted<br />
Sp<strong>id</strong>er Mite<br />
(an indoor plant pest)
At least ½ of the organisms currently<br />
occupying the Earth are <strong>insect</strong>s<br />
(approximately 1.5 million species)<br />
Of all <strong>insect</strong> species in the world<br />
Beneficial or not<br />
cons<strong>id</strong>ered to be pests<br />
(> 99%)<br />
Less than 1%<br />
Cons<strong>id</strong>ered<br />
to be pests
Proper <strong>id</strong>entification is<br />
essential in pest<br />
management<br />
Lady Bird<br />
Beetle
The Classification of Insects<br />
and their Relatives<br />
Insects are members of the vast and<br />
diverse animal kingdom. The animal<br />
kingdom is organized into groups<br />
based on similar structural features.<br />
KINGDOM<br />
PHYLUM<br />
CLASS<br />
ORDER<br />
FAMILY<br />
GENUS<br />
SPECIES<br />
Insect Orders<br />
Organized into groups with similar<br />
characteristics such as mouthparts, wing<br />
structure, and metamorphosis.<br />
26 to 30 different orders are recognized
The Insects<br />
1. Three, usually distinct body regions (head, thorax,<br />
& abdomen).<br />
2. One pair of segmented antennae.<br />
3. Usually have one pair of compound eyes.<br />
4. Three pairs of segmented legs (true legs), all on<br />
the thorax.<br />
5. Usually with two pair of wings, some have only<br />
one pair (i.e., flies), or no wings at all.
Metamorphosis. The process of change from egg to<br />
adult.<br />
Incomplete or gradual metamorphosis. The<br />
immatures, called “nymphs,” look similar to the adults<br />
(grasshoppers, aph<strong>id</strong>s,<br />
cockroaches).<br />
Simple<br />
Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis. The immatures (larvae and<br />
pupae) look nothing like the adult. The larvae pass<br />
through a pupal stage to change into the adult <strong>for</strong>m<br />
(Wasps, beetles, moths, butterflies, flies).<br />
ADULT<br />
EGG<br />
Complete<br />
Metamorphosis<br />
PUPA<br />
LARVA
Types of Injury Insects<br />
Cause to Plants<br />
aesthetic (cosmetic, non-lethal)<br />
economic (lethal or harmful<br />
to plants)<br />
Root damage
Signs of Insect Presence<br />
Plant damage<br />
frass<br />
honeydew<br />
sooty mold
Honeydew<br />
Sooty Mold<br />
Chewing<br />
Types of mouthparts<br />
piercing-sucking<br />
sponging, lapping<br />
rasping<br />
siphoning
Pests can be separated by the type<br />
of mouthparts they possess which<br />
dictates the type of damage they do.<br />
Most common type<br />
of mouthpart is<br />
chewing.<br />
Another common type of<br />
mouthpart is piercing/sucking<br />
(This is a<br />
good bug)
Piercing-sucking<br />
(Mosquitoes, true bugs, scales,<br />
aph<strong>id</strong>s, mealybugs, & others)<br />
Rasping (Thrips)
The MOST common<br />
type of mouthpart<br />
Siphoning (Butterfly<br />
& moth adults) Chewing<br />
(many <strong>insect</strong>s & others)
Caterpillars<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Eastern Lubber<br />
Grasshopper
Garden Slugs & Snails<br />
Typical damage inflicted on plants by<br />
pests with chewing mouthparts
Pests<br />
of<br />
Trees & other<br />
Ornamentals<br />
Beetles<br />
(order: Coleoptera)<br />
= sheath wing<br />
Largest <strong>insect</strong> order<br />
Chewing mouthparts<br />
Front pair of wings thick<br />
Immatures are grub-like
Geiger beetle<br />
Palmetto<br />
Weevil
Borers<br />
Ambrosia Beetles<br />
Damage: usually secondary<br />
to other problems<br />
White Grubs<br />
May/June<br />
Beetles
Thrips (order: Thysanoptera)<br />
= fringe wing<br />
Rasping mouthparts<br />
2 pair of fringed wings<br />
legs and antennae<br />
short<br />
� Incomplete<br />
metamorphosis<br />
Thrips
Thrips Damage<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Weeping Fig Thrips<br />
Gynaikothrips uzeli<br />
Found in <strong>Miami</strong>-<strong>Dade</strong>, 2003<br />
Primarily in S. FL<br />
Looks similar to Cuban<br />
laural thrips<br />
1° host is weeping fig (Ficus<br />
benjamina)<br />
Will feed on other ficus sp.<br />
Feeds on the upper surface<br />
of leaves
Weeping Fig Thrips<br />
Found on new growth, causes<br />
minor defoliation and plants<br />
recover well<br />
Predator appears to be<br />
keeping thrips under control<br />
in the landscape<br />
Minute pirate bug<br />
Found in 2001 on<br />
trumpet trees, Tabebuia<br />
spp., in <strong>Miami</strong>-<strong>Dade</strong><br />
Pest of only tabebuia,<br />
especially Pink Tabs<br />
Plant decline not seen<br />
Tabebuia Thrips<br />
Holopothrips tabebuia
Feeding from this new thrips causes leaf<br />
distortion.<br />
The leaves fold, curl and appear to be<br />
covered in galls.<br />
Emerging leaves<br />
are attacked<br />
True bugs<br />
(order: Hemiptera)<br />
= half wing<br />
Piercing-sucking mouthparts<br />
Beak arises from front<br />
of head<br />
4 wings folded flat<br />
Front wing pair partially<br />
thickened
Stinkbugs<br />
Giant water bugs<br />
Chinch bugs<br />
Assassin bugs<br />
Milkweed bugs<br />
many others<br />
Avocado<br />
lace bug
Southern<br />
Chinch Bugs<br />
Chinch Bug Damage<br />
UF - IFAS
Royal Palm Bug<br />
Aph<strong>id</strong>s, scales, whiteflies, mealybugs,<br />
psyl<strong>id</strong>s (order: Homoptera)<br />
= Same wing<br />
Piercing-sucking mouthparts<br />
Beak arises from hindpart of<br />
head<br />
May or may not have wings<br />
4 wings when present, held rooflike<br />
over body
Aph<strong>id</strong>s Palm aph<strong>id</strong>
Scale Insect<br />
UF, IFAS<br />
Flor<strong>id</strong>a Red Scale<br />
Armored Scales<br />
Tea Scale
Cycad Scale<br />
Flor<strong>id</strong>a Wax Scale<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Soft Scales<br />
Green Scale
UF - IFAS<br />
Magnolia White Scale<br />
Whitefly Nymphs<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Whitefly
UF - IFAS<br />
Whitefly Damage<br />
Mealybugs
Mealybugs<br />
Long-tail mealybug<br />
Pink hibiscus<br />
mealybug<br />
Butterflies, skippers, moths<br />
(order: Lep<strong>id</strong>optera)<br />
= scale wing<br />
Chewing mouthparts<br />
(caterpillars)<br />
Siphoning (adults)<br />
4 well-developed wings<br />
Wings have overlapping<br />
scales
Caterpillars<br />
Firebush<br />
Shrubs, trees, vegetables<br />
Temporary leaf damage or<br />
defoliation<br />
Wild coffee<br />
Atala butterfly
Frangipani moth<br />
Palm leaf<br />
skeletonizer
Io Moth Caterpillar<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Puss moth<br />
Saddleback<br />
Caterpillar<br />
UF - IFAS<br />
Oleander Caterpillar, Syntome<strong>id</strong>a epilais
Caterpillar Damage (other something<br />
else with chewing mouthparts!)<br />
Grasshoppers, katyd<strong>id</strong>s, crickets<br />
(order: Orthoptera)<br />
= straight wing<br />
Chewing mouthparts<br />
2 pairs of wings<br />
with many veins<br />
Front pair slender<br />
2nd pair broad<br />
and fan-like
Flies (order: Diptera)<br />
= two wings<br />
Sponging-lapping, sucking,<br />
piercing mouthparts<br />
2nd pair of wings<br />
greatly reduced<br />
mosquitoes, m<strong>id</strong>ges,<br />
no-see-ums, flies
Caribbean fruit fly<br />
Pest of annona<br />
(sugar apple,<br />
sour sop) and<br />
guava fruit<br />
Papaya fruit fly
What is IPM???<br />
IPM (integrated pest management)<br />
is a sustainable approach to managing pests<br />
by combining<br />
biological,<br />
chemical,<br />
cultural, and<br />
physical tools<br />
in a way that minimizes economic, health, and<br />
environmental risks.<br />
From: Anonymous. 1994 Integrated Pest Management Practices<br />
in 1991 Fruits and Nuts, RTD Updates: Pest Management,<br />
USDA-ERS, 8pp.<br />
What is a Pest?<br />
A plant or animal that<br />
is out of place<br />
This includes: Diseases, Weeds,<br />
Arthropods, Reptiles, Mammals, etc.
Evaluation &<br />
Follow-up<br />
Make Action<br />
Decision<br />
Biology and Identification<br />
of Pests and Beneficials<br />
IPM<br />
Program<br />
Action Threshold<br />
Preventative<br />
Practices<br />
Monitor Pest<br />
Populations<br />
Inspect plants or<br />
cuttings brought<br />
into the<br />
landscape...<br />
Avo<strong>id</strong> Surprises
Pest management toolbox<br />
Cultural control<br />
Physical control<br />
Biological control<br />
Chemical control<br />
Cultural Methods<br />
- Modification or management practices that<br />
make the habitat less favorable to pest<br />
reproduction, dispersal, and survival<br />
A) Host plant resistance. Heritable plant<br />
characteristics that decrease damage due to<br />
pest feeding<br />
B) Plant Rotation. Rotate host and non-host plants
C) Plant refuse destruction.<br />
D) Pruning & thinning. Can increase plant vigor<br />
E) Fertilization. Rate of fertilizer can affect<br />
attractiveness of host plant<br />
F) Sanitation. Keep leaf litter, etc. picked up<br />
G) Water management.<br />
Physical control
And don’t <strong>for</strong>get about the<br />
environmentally friendly<br />
SQUASHING method of<br />
<strong>insect</strong> control<br />
The use of living<br />
organisms to control<br />
pests<br />
Predators<br />
Parasites<br />
Pathogens<br />
Biological Control
Biological Control<br />
Protection and enhancement of<br />
natural enemies (use most<br />
selective management tool)<br />
Introduction of natural enemies<br />
Use of microbial controls<br />
Green Lacewing
Larvae called “trash bugs”<br />
Parasitized<br />
aph<strong>id</strong>s<br />
Parasites<br />
Healthy<br />
aph<strong>id</strong>s<br />
Very specialized<br />
Develop from eggs<br />
la<strong>id</strong> in or on host<br />
very stealthy and<br />
often small
Pathogens<br />
Usually advertised as<br />
naturally occurring<br />
<strong>insect</strong> diseases caused<br />
by:<br />
bacteria<br />
protozoa<br />
viruses<br />
fungi
Chemical control<br />
Should be<br />
used as a<br />
last resort<br />
and with<br />
the lowest<br />
impact on<br />
natural<br />
enemies and<br />
YOU!<br />
Chemical Methods<br />
- Insectic<strong>id</strong>es<br />
- Sterilants<br />
- Insect Growth Regulators<br />
- Attractants<br />
- Repellents
Not all Pestic<strong>id</strong>es are created equal!<br />
Those not compatible with<br />
biological control<br />
– Organochlor<strong>id</strong>es<br />
– Organophosphates<br />
– Carbonates<br />
– Pyrethro<strong>id</strong>s<br />
Others are compatible with<br />
biological control<br />
– Insect growth regulators<br />
– Microbials (pathogens)<br />
– Some botanicals<br />
– Oils/soap<br />
– Attractants/ repellants<br />
Soaps and oils<br />
Systemic products (Merit)<br />
Contact products (Sevin)
Pestic<strong>id</strong>e Recommendations<br />
Look up the “pest”<br />
Does it have to be<br />
treated?<br />
Look up the<br />
recommendation<br />
– Use University of<br />
Flor<strong>id</strong>a<br />
recommendations<br />
ONLY!<br />
Evaluation and Follow-Up<br />
- Requires monitoring<br />
- Were methods effective?<br />
- Is re-treatment required?
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
When Installing Plants<br />
1. When buying, select only plants that are<br />
healthy and free of pests<br />
Many pest problems in managed areas are<br />
attributed to importation via infested plant<br />
material<br />
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
When Installing Plants<br />
2. Avo<strong>id</strong> species that<br />
typically have pest<br />
problems<br />
Especially palms<br />
susceptible to Lethal<br />
Yellowing<br />
Cons<strong>id</strong>er nutritional<br />
requirements
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
When Installing Plants<br />
3. Select natives or<br />
plants well adapted to<br />
our climate<br />
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
When Installing Plants<br />
4. Site selection<br />
Species planted in “off-site” locations may<br />
experience stress leading to attack by pest<br />
organisms<br />
In addition, stressed plants may be slow to<br />
recover from pest damage
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
In Established Plants<br />
1. Proper cultural care<br />
a. Establish a fertilization program<br />
2-3 times per year<br />
with a 100% slow<br />
release product<br />
IF NEEDED<br />
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
In Established Plants<br />
1. Proper cultural care<br />
b. Pruning<br />
In the Canary Island<br />
date palm, pruning<br />
can create wounds<br />
that attract palmetto<br />
and silky cane weevils
Preventing Pest Problems/Outbreaks<br />
In Established Plants<br />
2) Habitat modification<br />
- plant several plant species<br />
of differing canopy heights<br />
in an area.<br />
- plant flowering plants.<br />
This can help to enhance<br />
populations of predators<br />
and parasito<strong>id</strong>s<br />
Insects on Plants<br />
Identify the <strong>insect</strong> – is it a pest?<br />
Most plants can tolerate <strong>insect</strong><br />
damage without ill effects (up<br />
to 50% defoliation)<br />
Most people assume that they<br />
“have to spray”<br />
Most <strong>insect</strong> pest problems<br />
usually resolve themselves<br />
without human interference<br />
If an <strong>insect</strong>ic<strong>id</strong>e is needed,<br />
make sure it’s legal to use on<br />
the type of plant to be treated
Insects on Plants<br />
Does it require treatment?<br />
– Small plants may need<br />
protection<br />
– Trees usually don’t<br />
Hand-pick <strong>insect</strong>s<br />
Prune infested growth<br />
Correct horticultural practices<br />
(over-watering and overfertilization)<br />
Spot treat. Use least-toxic first.<br />
Never use <strong>insect</strong>ic<strong>id</strong>es<br />
preventatively<br />
Scenes from the entomology underworld