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274 Brian Holmes

this antagonistic logic, which led to the exclusion of most of the artists from

the group. But with the notion of subversive cartography and the practice

of “constructed situations,” it was as though something new had been released

into the world. Without having to ascribe exclusive origins or draw up faked

genealogies, one can easily see that since the period around 1968, the old

drive to art’s self-overcoming has found a new and much broader Weld of

possibility, in the conXicted and ambiguous relations between the educated

sons and daughters of the former working classes and the proliferating products

of the consciousness industry. The statistical fact that such a large number

of people trained as artists are inducted into the service of this industry,

combined with the ready availability of a “Xuid language” of détournement

that allows them to exit from it pretty much whenever they choose, has

been at the root of successive waves of agitation that tend simultaneously

to dissolve any notion of a “vanguard” and to reopen the struggle for a substantial

democracy. And so the question on everyone’s lips becomes, how do

I participate?

“This is a chord. This is another. Now form a band.” 1 The punk

invitation to do-it-yourself music supplies instant insight to the cultural

revolution that swept through late-1970s Britain. And the hilarity, transgression,

and class violence of public punk performance comes surprisingly

close to the SI’s deWnition of a situation: “A moment of life concretely and

deliberately constructed by the collective organization of a unitary ambiance

and a play of events.” 2 The relation between punk and Situationism was

widely perceived at the time. 3 But there was something else at stake, something

radically new by comparison to the disruptive tactics of the 1960s,

because the DIY invitation had another side, which said: “Now start a label.”

The proliferation of garage bands would be matched with an outpouring of

indie records, made and distributed autonomously. In this way, punk marked

an attempt at appropriating the media, which in a society dominated by the

consciousness industry is tantamount to appropriating the means of production.

4 Punk as productivism. There’s a constructive drive at work here: a

desire to respond, with technical means, to the recording companies’ techniques

for the programming of desire. The punk movement in Britain was

an attempt to construct subversive situations on the scales permitted by

modern communications.

Something fundamental changes when artistic concepts are used

within a context of massive appropriation, amid a blurring of class distinctions.

A territory of art appears within widening “underground” circles, where

the aesthetics of everyday practice is lived as a political creation. The shifting

grounds of this territory could be traced through the radical fringe of the

techno movement from the late 1980s onward, with its white-label records

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