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Several important projects are in operation to promote international collaboration. In the EU, SOLARH (Linking molecular genetics and bio mimetic chemistry – a multidisciplinary approach to achieve renewable hydrogen production) has been launched in SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME of New and Emerging Science and Technology. In the project, EU countries such as France, Germany, The Netherlands, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland have joined to cooperate. Nine (9) partners in seven (7) countries have joined Nordic BioHydrogen (Nordic Energy Research Program #2802). The Nordic BioHydrogen partners are: Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia. COST 841 had been providing many meetings for researchers to join, even including nonEU countries such as the Baltics and Turkey. The US DOE BioHydrogen project and the Canadian NSERC BioHydrogen project are very active centers of research and information exchange for researchers in North America. Special growth in research and developments are also seen in Asia. The Korean national hydrogen project, Chinese practical research on BioHydrogen and biofuels, Taiwanese national hydrogen projects, and Japanese national BioHydrogen projects increase the number of BioHydrogen researchers in northeast the Asian High Technology Network, are occasionally held to accelerate BioHydrogen R&D in the region. The communication has been spreading to other Asian countries such as India, Singapore, and Thailand. Subtask A: BioHydrogen Systems The overall goal of this subtask is to increase achievable H 2 production from substrates above currently achiev able yields (3 to 4 moles H 2 /mole of glucose). The Netherlands is the activity leader. There are currently three BioHy drogen projects underway in Canada. production from cellulosic biomass, funded by NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council), and is being carried out by the University of Victoria and the University of Mani toba. Their work focuses on hydrogen fermentations by Clostridium thermocel lum, a highly active cellulose degrading thermophilic microorganism. Another project is being carried out at the Waste Technology Center of Environment Canada. They are looking at the copro duction of hydrogen and methane from simulated potato waste and at biological hydrogen production from anaerobic codigestion of organic MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) and sewage sludge. They have found that codigestion improves H2 production, perhaps because of an increase in buffer capacity of the organic MSW. A third project, Biological Hydro gen Production for Sustainable Energy Generation, funded by the joint NSERC/ NRCan (Natural Resources Canada), is being carried out by the University of Montreal; they are also examining green house gas mitigation. Work was carried out to determine the effect of culture conditions on hydrogen produc tion. Metabolic engineering is being to an introduced hydrogenase. Studies are also underway on the heterologous expression of hydrogenase. The BioHydrogen project in Japan It is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, a part of the millennium foundation named Biomass Nippon. The project aims to develop elemental technologies using microor ganisms in order to degrade food waste and to regenerate energy as hydrogen, based on their physiological and engi neering aspects. This includes a hybrid bioreactor with hydrogenmethane cascade fermentation, hydrogen produc tion under cocultivation with enteric and anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, the 33 Subtask A: BioHydrogen Systems “The overall goal of this subtask is to increase achievable H 2 production from substrates above currently achievable yields (3 to 4 moles H 2 /mole of glucose).” Three BioHydrogen projects underway in Canada: • Coproduction of hydrogen and methane from simulated potato waste • Biological hydrogen production from anaerobic codigestion of organic MSW and sewage sludge • Biological Hydrogen Production for Sustainable Energy Generation Japanese Biohydrogen “Elemental technologies use microorganisms in order to degrade food waste and to regeneerate energy as hydrogen.”
34 “The project perennial rye grass, sugar and fodder beet, and forage maize as suitable crops for year long rotation and hydrogen production in the UK.” Subtask B: Basic Studies for BioHydrogen Production “The aim of the subtask is to demonstrate potentially practical processes for conversion of water or organic substrates to H2 by using solar energy. The Subtask leader is the USA.” design of a novel miniature bioreactor, and protein design for the direct energy conversion from sugar to electricity with enzymatic/microbial fuel cells. Most research in the Nether lands on dark fermentation has been performed with thermophilic hydrogen producing bacteria, which have higher yields and less sideproduct formation compared to fermentation at ambient temperatures. The main byproduct is acetate, which can be used in a con secutive photofermentation process. In several Dutch projects, supported by the EET program (a joint initiative of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Education, Culture, and Sciences and the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment), this twostep fermenta tion process has been proven to be successful at the laboratory scale. The combination of a thermophilic fermenta tion with a photofermentation enables the complete conversion of biomass to oretically possible. The consortium for ‘HYVOLUTION’ was formed to exploit the acquired knowledge from previous projects and to make a breakthrough with a new taskforce aimed at the devel opment of a hydrogen industry produc ing H 2 at a cost price of 10 Euro/GJ. This consortium, which started recently, has been funded by the sixth EU Frame work Program for more than €9 M. A new concept of producing hydrogen by means of bacteria is the biocatalysed fuel cell. The feasibility of a system in which organic acids can be converted to H 2 is being studied in different national projects. This promising technique philic dark fermentation threefold if it is used to convert the fermentation product acetate to H 2 . The Hydrogen Research Unit team in the Sustainable Environ ment Research Centre (SERC) at the University of Glamorgan in the UK is investigating the way in which hydrogen can contribute to the country’s energy needs. With a grant from the Carbon Trust’s LCIP program, pilot scale work is commencing at a factory to investigate the feasibility of sustainable hydrogen production from starch industry co products. This work is in collaboration also been selected by the UK Engineer ing and Physical Sciences Research Council’s SUPERGEN program to investigate the fermentative production of hydrogen from energy crops such as grass, sugar beet, and maize. Ferment able biomass, such as crops commonly used as animal feed, could be grown in rotation on currently unused setaside land to provide feedstock for an onfarm hydrogen reactor yearround. The proj sugar and fodder beet, and forage maize as suitable crops for yearlong rotation and hydrogen production in the UK. The selection criteria focused on crop yields per hectare, fermentable car bohydrate content, and energy require ments in crop production compared to potential hydrogen and methane yields. In the laboratory our work demonstrated hydrogen production from forage maize and perennial rye grass in batch condi SRC–funded work had shown hydrogen production from sugar beet extract in a continuous reactor. Based on our current preliminary data, these crops could produce large amounts of energy if grown in rotation on currently unused setaside land in the UK. A pilot plant on an agricultural site in 2006 will facilitate this work. Subtask B: Basic Studies for BioHydrogen Pro duction The aim of the subtask is to demonstrate potentially practical processes for conversion of water or organic substrates to H 2 by using solar energy. The Subtask leader is the USA. The EU has made a special effort to launch several research projects on BioHydrogen. Japan and the USA also have projects on basic photosynthesis photon capture systems has been inten sively studied in photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. These studiers are conducted with complexes called photo synthetic units, where a Light Harvesting
Page 1 and 2: Edited by Mary Rose de Valladares M
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Annexes i Members ii C
Page 5 and 6: ii Mr. J. P. Cotzen (CEC) 1977198
Page 7 and 8: iv “I am very proud of the growth
Page 9 and 10: vi The HIA experienced a series of
Page 11 and 12: viii “The transition to unexpecte
Page 13 and 14: x COMPLETED Task 1 Thermochemical P
Page 15 and 16: 2 “The Subtask B approach is mark
Page 17 and 18: 4 CO 2 Handling 3 Onsite CO 2 cap
Page 19 and 20: 6 “Task 17 consists of 36 R&D pro
Page 21 and 22: 8 •Proj. C1. Hydrogen storage i
Page 23 and 24: 10 “During 2004 and 2005 Task 17
Page 25 and 26: 12 Task 19 members met twice in 200
Page 27 and 28: 14 Public website for Annex 18: htt
Page 29 and 30: 16 “The Goals • Survey and anal
Page 31 and 32: 18 Activity A.2 “...benchmark com
Page 33 and 34: 20 “A uniformly safe infrastructu
Page 35 and 36: 22 “Starting back in the late 197
Page 37 and 38: 24 Task 20 Members • Australia
Page 39 and 40: 26 “...fast throughput, thin
Page 41 and 42: 28 splitting using semiconductor el
Page 43 and 44: 30 Task 21 Biohydrogen • Subtask
Page 45: 32 national Hydrogen Energy Congres
Page 49 and 50: 36 Subtask D: Overall Analysis to c
Page 51 and 52: 38 “Blessed with abundant energy
Page 53 and 54: 40 SELECT HYDROGEN ACTIVITIES In la
Page 55 and 56: 42 The Hydrogen Village is the dy
Page 57 and 58: 44 “Since the early 1980’s the
Page 59 and 60: 46 The strategies function as commo
Page 61 and 62: 48 Finland invests in renewable fue
Page 63 and 64: 50 “The governmental strategy tar
Page 65 and 66: 52 Figure 6. The structure of Tekes
Page 67 and 68: 54 Figure 8. Funding of fuel cells
Page 69 and 70: 56 “The new programme PAN H was
Page 71 and 72: 58 R&D Activities in Hydrogen •PE
Page 73 and 74: 60 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMMES • Bic
Page 75 and 76: 62 MINISTRIES (MUR,MAP,MATT) Nation
Page 78 and 79: (4) Development of Technology for N
Page 80 and 81: standards and standardization plans
Page 82 and 83: KeeSuk Nahm, Chonbuk National Uni
Page 84 and 85: NATIONAL POLICY The Korean Governme
Page 87 and 88: 74 “The Korean Government announc
Page 89 and 90: 76 cated at KIER, Daejeon) 1.2 Biol
Page 91 and 92: 78 (Source: Fuel cell scooter with
Page 93 and 94: 80 “One of the activity trends of
Page 95 and 96: 82 “National Energy Conservation
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84 “The Government Strategy for h
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Dr. Antonio G. GarcíaConde Insti
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Puertollano plant. This effort will
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HYDROGEN IN SPANISH SOCIETY In orde
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Due to the low energy content of hy
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previously Sydkraft), and some smal
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For example, with production being
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Dr. Ray Eaton Department of Trade &
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communities with substantial renewa
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Pat Davis INTRODUCTION The Departme
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cycles of hydrogen storage. • Dev
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