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Some of the products envisioned include: • A glossary of terms for hydrogen safety research and use • A guide for incorporating risk assessment methodologies into the codes and standards devel opment process • A baseline for design of hydro gen facilities and infrastructure • A survey of member countries’ existing testing and experimen tal data on hydrogen release, ignition, fire, explosions, and preventive and protective mea sures • Recommendations for future testing programs to address the remaining gaps in hydrogen safety knowledge • A hydrogen safety presenta tion for educating emergency response personnel • Development of an intelligent Virtual Hydrogen Fueling Station • Development of additional com prehensive information docu ments FUTURE WORK • A. 1 Release of Survey of Existing Risk Assessment Meth odologies for Review by all Task 19 participants – March 2006 • A. 1 Completion of Final Sur vey Report (September 2006) • A. 2 – Draft Report of Compara tive Risk Assessment (Septem ber 2006) • B. 1 – Draft Survey of existing testing and experimental data • B. 2 – Draft Survey of ongoing or planned test projects B. 3 Analysis of existing data in relation to risk management (final report) 21
22 “Starting back in the late 1970’s, the IEAHIA has been encouraging investigative research and development (R&D) on solardriven photoelectrochemical (PEC) as well as photocatalytic watersplitting.” “The main aims of Annex 20 concern the development as well as stable photoelectrode/ photocatalysis materials and associated systems solutions for PEC watersplitting cells.” Hydrogen from Waterphotolysis Dr. Andreas Luzzi Operating Agent SFOE Annex 20 experts of the IEA HIA (www.ieahia.org) INTRODUCTION Starting back in the late 1970’s, the IEAHIA has been encouraging investi gative research and development (R&D) on solardriven photoelectrochemical (PEC) as well as photocatalytic water splitting (refer to Figure1). PEC R&D work has been conducted as part of a number of dedicated international collaboration tasks. IEA HIA Annex 20 started in 2005 as a collaborative effort among 23 expert R&D groups from eight (8) countries. Figure1: (a) Solardriven photoelectro chemical (PEC) and (b) photocatalytic watersplitting can be described as solar driven electrolysis that applies nanoscale photoelectrode and photocatalytic materials in a combined device or setup in contrast to use of conventional photovoltaics and elec trolysis in two separate pieces of technology (POSTECH). The main aims of Annex 20 concern well as stable photoelectrode / pho tocatalysis materials and associated systems solutions for PEC watersplit ting cells. This report summarises the R&D progress reported by the experts of Annex 20 during 2005. The inaugura tion year of 2005 has seen two expert (USA) and the second in Sevilla (Spain). R&D PROGRESS At two groups within the Common Organisation (CSIRO) in Sydney and being conducted in the area of pho toelectrode materials development. Efforts are focused on doped TiO 2 and on nanostructured WO 3 and Fe 2 O 3 (refer to Figure2). In spite of detailed studies on Cdoping of rutile (TiO 2 pyrolysis as well as oven oxidation, no found. Sdoping, however, resulted in some visible light activity for ballmilled samples of TiO 2 and sulphur precursors. lower than for TiO 2 without S. In parallel with the experimental work, modelling efforts have been started in the area of quantum chemical modeling of cation vacancy defects and of incorporation of anion dopants such as C and N at these defect sites (see Figure3). Ti vacan cies have been studied as a function of crystallite size for nanocrystalline anatase (TiO 2 ). In addition, a thorough comparison of photoelectrode materials’ and from the direct use of sunlight has been conducted, including the discus
Page 1 and 2: Edited by Mary Rose de Valladares M
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Annexes i Members ii C
Page 5 and 6: ii Mr. J. P. Cotzen (CEC) 1977198
Page 7 and 8: iv “I am very proud of the growth
Page 9 and 10: vi The HIA experienced a series of
Page 11 and 12: viii “The transition to unexpecte
Page 13 and 14: x COMPLETED Task 1 Thermochemical P
Page 15 and 16: 2 “The Subtask B approach is mark
Page 17 and 18: 4 CO 2 Handling 3 Onsite CO 2 cap
Page 19 and 20: 6 “Task 17 consists of 36 R&D pro
Page 21 and 22: 8 •Proj. C1. Hydrogen storage i
Page 23 and 24: 10 “During 2004 and 2005 Task 17
Page 25 and 26: 12 Task 19 members met twice in 200
Page 27 and 28: 14 Public website for Annex 18: htt
Page 29 and 30: 16 “The Goals • Survey and anal
Page 31 and 32: 18 Activity A.2 “...benchmark com
Page 33: 20 “A uniformly safe infrastructu
Page 37 and 38: 24 Task 20 Members • Australia
Page 39 and 40: 26 “...fast throughput, thin
Page 41 and 42: 28 splitting using semiconductor el
Page 43 and 44: 30 Task 21 Biohydrogen • Subtask
Page 45 and 46: 32 national Hydrogen Energy Congres
Page 47 and 48: 34 “The project perennial rye gra
Page 49 and 50: 36 Subtask D: Overall Analysis to c
Page 51 and 52: 38 “Blessed with abundant energy
Page 53 and 54: 40 SELECT HYDROGEN ACTIVITIES In la
Page 55 and 56: 42 The Hydrogen Village is the dy
Page 57 and 58: 44 “Since the early 1980’s the
Page 59 and 60: 46 The strategies function as commo
Page 61 and 62: 48 Finland invests in renewable fue
Page 63 and 64: 50 “The governmental strategy tar
Page 65 and 66: 52 Figure 6. The structure of Tekes
Page 67 and 68: 54 Figure 8. Funding of fuel cells
Page 69 and 70: 56 “The new programme PAN H was
Page 71 and 72: 58 R&D Activities in Hydrogen •PE
Page 73 and 74: 60 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMMES • Bic
Page 75 and 76: 62 MINISTRIES (MUR,MAP,MATT) Nation
Page 78 and 79: (4) Development of Technology for N
Page 80 and 81: standards and standardization plans
Page 82 and 83: KeeSuk Nahm, Chonbuk National Uni
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NATIONAL POLICY The Korean Governme
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74 “The Korean Government announc
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76 cated at KIER, Daejeon) 1.2 Biol
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78 (Source: Fuel cell scooter with
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80 “One of the activity trends of
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82 “National Energy Conservation
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84 “The Government Strategy for h
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Dr. Antonio G. GarcíaConde Insti
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Puertollano plant. This effort will
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HYDROGEN IN SPANISH SOCIETY In orde
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Due to the low energy content of hy
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previously Sydkraft), and some smal
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For example, with production being
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Dr. Ray Eaton Department of Trade &
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communities with substantial renewa
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Pat Davis INTRODUCTION The Departme
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cycles of hydrogen storage. • Dev
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