Agricultural Adaptation Research Co-op

Agricultural Adaptation Research Co-op

A Strategy for Climate Resiliency in Sainte-Flavie

Fall 2021

Peter Go-Hua School of Architecture

ARCH 672: Architectural Design 1

Instructors: Salmaan Craig, Daniela Leon, Philip Tidwell

Students: Guillaume Croteau, Philippe Fournier, Calina Olari,

Laura Titolo-Robitaille and Jin Jia Mu Zhao

Agricultural Adaptation Research Co-op

A Strategy for Climate Resiliency in Sainte-Flavie

Table of contents

05

07

11

29

53

95

133

137

159

Mission Statement

Introduction: Another Summer

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks

1.1 Sainte-Flavie: The Coast and the Fields

1.2 Coastal Risks

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

2.1: Unbuilding: Salvaging Materials: Inventory and Possibilities

2.2: Rebuilding: Coupling Salvaged and Plant-Based Materials

Chapter 3: The Facility

3.1: Phase 1: Storing, Processing

3.2: Phase 2: Developing, Expanding, Accomodating

3.3: Phase 3: Researching, Innovating, Learning

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

4.1: Regional Climate Projection

4.2: Agricultural Adaptation

4.3: Climate Resilient Building Design

Conclusion: Another Winter

Appendix

References

4

Mission Statement

5

This manual proposes a new research facility in Sainte-Flavie, to be run by

a co-operative of local farmers, in order to support the local agricultural

and social networks as they adapt to climate change.

6

Introduction

Another Summer

7

10

Chapter 1

Agriculture, Community, Risks

11

12


1.1

Sainte-Flavie

The Coast and the Fields

13

Municipalité de Sainte-Flavie

Sainte-Flavie is a small coastal town of about 884 people in the region of Bas-Saint-

Laurent, Quebec. Nestled on a scenic coastal floodplain between the Saint Lawrence

estuary and a steep escarpment, the townʼs economy is dominated by tourism and

agriculture. The extreme seasonality of these activities makes the local population

fluctuate wildly between peaks in the Summer and lows in Winter.

The town is also located at the important intersection where Route 132—which loops

around the entire Gaspe peninsula—meets itself. The coastal branch of Route 132 is

dotted by restaurants, gift shops, galleries and motels to cater to the summer tourists,

while its perpendicular branch climbs the escarpment and runs parallel by rows

of farmland and Mont-Joli airport before crossing through the town of Mont- Joli

itself. This farmland is mapped onto the landscape in long, thin Seigneurial plots

running perpendicular to coast, up the escarpment and deep into the flat, elevated

landscape until they terminate at the municipal boundary of Mont-Joli.

Sainte-Flavie Catholic Church

507 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Presbytère de Sainte-Flavie


14

Municipality Center

775 Rte Flavie-Drapeau, Sainte-Flavie

Centre dʼArt M.Gagnon


Ptit Bistro


Restaurant la Rose des Vents



Sea Pavillon


Serge Desbiens Galerie


15

Camping du Capitaine Homard


Privately owned Barns


La Gaspésiana


Mont-Joli Motel

800 Rte Flavie-Drapeau, Sainte-Flavie

16


Milk Production

±45%

Cattle Production

±15%

Potatoes

±13%

Ornemental

Horticulture

±10%

1830ha 1098ha 458ha 366ha

17

Agriculture represents a major economic sector in

Sainte-Flavie, as most of the land is dedicated to farming.

In fact, current statistics show that 25 farming companies

are in Sainte-Flavie, which own 95% of the land in the

town and represent 9.8% of the farming activity in

the entire MRC La Mitis region. Right now, 20% of the

farmers are over 40 years old and may not necessarily

have someone taking over the farm after them. Half of

the agriculture is for milk production.

With respect to climate change and future adaptation

needs, the agricultural activities of the town are at a

turning point. We think there is a potential for our project

to intersect with this field, by providing resources,

farming equipment and tools as well as supporting a

local economy around agritourism. Moreover, a shared

infrastructure could help the farmers to experiment,

research, diversify their activities and support each

other during the transition to this new chapter in the

townʼs story.

18

Topographic shift


Typical Parcel - 48.6 ha

19

Des chalets et des roulottes avaient été emportées - Picture: Pierre Michaud-Archives

20

On tente de nettoyer les dégâts - Picture: Pierre Michaud-Archives


1.2 Risks

Future of Sainte-Flavie

In December 2010, the town of Sainte-Flavie experienced a powerfully destructive

storm. Flooding and coastal erosion damaged many homes, resulting in material

and emotional losses. Such catastrophic events are likely to become stronger and

more frequent due to climate change.

Rising sea levels will continue to encroach on the fabric of Sainte-Flavie, inundating

coastal properties and forcing residents to move away. Right now, government

incentives are in place for the people to voluntarily relocate themselves, demolishing

or abandoning the structures left behind. At the same time, the demographics of the

town are aging, the population is declining, and limited economic opportunities

mean there is no guarantee that future generations will remain in the area.

Sainte-Flavie remains one of the most beautiful towns in Bas-Saint-Laurent, but

its context will inevitably force it to face a transition within the next 50 years. We

are now tasked with proposing strategies to meet these challenges, build up the

townʼs resiliency, show alternative ways of living with coastal threats, and engage

with the collective memory of the town.

21

Age characteristics - Sainte-Flavie

0-14 years 15-64 years

65+ years

Footnote:

*Population data from Portrait de la communauté de Sainte-Flavie.

https://aruc.robvq.qc.ca/

22

Year 2021 - Sea Level Rise

Coastal Section - 1 : 100

24



26



28

Chapter 2

Unbuilding, Rebuilding

29

ʻʻLʼérosion côtière ça ne nous

dérange pas beaucoup, on

est protégés, mais lʼérosion

financière, on ne peut rien

contre ça.ʼʼ

- Pierre Bouchard, résident de Sainte-Flavie

30

ʻʻDans cinquante ans, le

visage de Sainte-Flavie va être

complètement différent.ʼʼ

- Jean-François Fortin, maire de Sainte-Flavie


2.1 Unbuilding

Salvaging Materials: Inventory and Possibilities

When coastal properties are abandoned, the buildings on them can either be

demolished, relocated, disassembled, or left to decay. Demolition and abandonment

risk contaminating the area around the building with harmful substances found in

the building materials or household items. Abandonment also represents a waste of

perfectly salvageable materials, especially in a place like Sainte Flavie, where cheap

land means that building and material values usually make up most of a propertyʼs

overall assessed value. Relocation can be costly or unfeasible given the type of

structure and its size since it will need to be carried on wide-load vehicles on shared

roads which may have an incompatible infrastructure. This leaves “unbuilding,” or

disassembly, as the optimal solution in most cases. Concrete foundations should be left

behind intact, as over time they will calcify and provide a carbon sink along the coast.

Currently, residents can take any recycle material from their properties to the

Ecocentre de la Mitis at Mont-Joli Airport. However, the eco-center lacks an adequate

structure for storing and processing mass quantities of wood to be reclaimed at

the scale proposed over the timeline of this project. Therefore, in the short term,

a facility should be provided to aid in the salvaging of wood from disassembled

homes, to ensure that high-quality members are properly stored, cut, and sorted to

retain their material integrity for later re-use in new structures. This will become

Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. Building.

31

32


33

34

Exploded Axonometric

Typical Coastal House - 150m 2


35

Processing Reclaimed Wood

Sorting and Final Uses

1. Disassembly/Sorting

In a standard coastal home, about 60% of the

lumber will be salvageable for re-use. Wood

should be sorted during the dismantling process

by quality: re-useable and waste.

2. Transport Wood to Facilities

Waste wood or degraded material will be sent to

the Ecocentre de la Mitis for processing, while

the reclaimable wood will be sent to a new proper

sorting facility as part of Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C.

36

3. Identify, Remove Metal

Metal in wood can damage machines when it

is cut, so all of it must be removed. Nails can be

hidden, decapitated or buried into the wood so

metal detectors or magnets should be used to find

them. Different tools can be used to extract them

in different conditions.

5. Re-saw Lumber

Using band and table saws, the is re-cut to new

standardized thicknesses as required for the new

re-use project.

5. Air Drying

Wood is stacked into large piles with a spacer

between each layer, then left in the storage area to

dry naturally from the air.

6. Final Planing, Cuts and Sorting

Dried wood can now be planed, sawn, and sanded

to its final dimensions and conditions as required

by the re-use project. Members are then sorted by

type, species, and size.


High-Grade Wood Members

The best wood members should be selected for their

appearance, minimum wear-and-tear, absence of rot,

fungus, and excess knots. Only high-grade wood should

be re-used to make loadbearing structural components,

like trusses, beams, and columns. In accordance with ICB

guidelines, reclaimed wood members must be doubled up

to meet the equivalent structural integrity of single freshcut

lumber members.

Medium Grade Wood Members

Medium grade wood members can be re-used for nonstructural

purposes, including furring and strapping,

blocking, bracing, non-loadbearing partitions, shims,

millwork, cladding, floorboards, furniture, finishes, and

many other uses.

37

Low Grade Wood Members

Low-grade members are those that are severely damaged

or are affected by severe rot, fungal or insect infestation,

excess knots and metal, unusable shapes, or other

major issues that make them too difficult to reuse. Such

members should be properly discarded at the eco-center.

While they cannot be used for building, waste wood has

many other uses. It can be donated back to farmers to be

used for animal beddings, equestrian and landscaping

surfaces, or sent to local lumber plants to be used as

feedstock for panel board manufacturing. It can also be

used for biofuel and other industrial uses.

38


2.2 Rebuilding

Coupling Salvaged and Plant-Based Materials

Materials that are salvaged from coastal homes can be recycled and adapted for

a variety of new building systems, including walls, trusses, partitions, and roof

systems. In particular, wood members from former stud walls can be reused

provided they are doubled up in their new wall systems. Other salvageable

material includes plywood sheathing, metal sheeting, insulation, and cladding.

In addition to salvaged materials, crops from the farms themselves can be used and

adapted into new biogenic building systems. Straw bales can be used in insulation,

walls, roofing, and exterior cladding. Flax can be used to produce insulation, flooring,

drapes, linen, linoleum, paint oils and stains, panels, and many other products. The

changing climate also provides an opportunity in the region to experiment with

new crops and their uses in biogenic building material manufacturing. Research

in this area will become the long-term focus of the A.A.R.C. facility in Phase 3 and

has the potential to transform the economy of the region.

39

The Trusses - Chord / Rafter Reclamation

In all three phases of the building construction, the roof

structure consists of a grid of 18m span wood trusses

spaced 3050 o.c. with support from steel tension cables

and plates. While phase 1 will be constructed from new

lumber, phases 2 and 3 will make use of reclaimed wood

members from disassembled coastal homes, requiring

careful selection of premium grade material and a

doubling of the members in order to meet the IBCʼs

recommended structural standards for reused wood.

Post b

Beam fastener plate

Post c

Tension cables

40

Connector post A Connector post B Connector post C


In order to achieve the long spans required by the

bottom chord and rafters, reclaimed members will be

doubled up and nailed together such that they overlap

with one another mid-way in a brick-like pattern.

The typical member is sized 92-5/8” so that they could

be assembled from reclaimed studs salvaged from a

typical 8ʼ high room.

Post a

Tension cables

Post b

Reclaimed Wood Assembly Pattern

41

Tension cables

Post c

Tension cables

Stress diagram

Tension Member

Compression Member

0.489m

1.666m

The Trusses - Chord / Rafter Assembly

Truss Location

18.289m

42

Typical Chord Assembly

(x2 total per truss)

2.353m 2.353m

0.911m 2.087m

Typical Chord Components

x60 screws

0.875m

2.306m

0.921m

2.353m

1.130m

2.051m

1.176m

2.097m


Truss Location

12.638m

43

Typical Rafter Assembly

(x4 total per truss)

2.353m 2.353m

Typical Rafter Components

x40 screws

Interior partitions: Modular Straw Bale

At each phase of the buildingʼs construction, the

exterior envelope shell will be fully assembled before

any interior partitions are constructed. Instead, internal

partitions would be built up afterwards, with the walls

around rooms requiring the most consistent thermal

comfort being made of modular straw bale units that

can easily be stacked, organized, disassembled and

reassembled into potentially infinite programmatic

and spatial configurations. This will give the farmers

ample flexibility to change the buildingʼs spatial layout

as their needs and the needs of the facility change over

time.

44

Module Components

(x4) 2x6 reclaimed wood studs, cut 967mm long



(x2) Straw bales, sized 14” x 18” x 36”, compacted

(x48) Screws

Typical Straw Bale Structure

748mm

356mm

967mm

The units can be quickly and cheaply made

almost entirely from donated and salvaged

material: reclaimed wood and nails (or preferably,

screws) from disassembled coastal homes, and

donated straw bale from the farmers themselves.

They provide a high RSI value and hence can be

used to beef up the thermal performanc of the

envelope in nested spaces where required. A

quantity of “spare” modules should be built up

and stored, which can be used to create a warm,

ad-hoc emergency shelter space in the event of

a severe storm or flood that displaces coastal

residents.

Modular Wall Construction

Each wooden frame module is sized to hold two

stacked, compacted straw bales of standardized

dimensions (14” x 18” x 36”), compacted. Straw

will be filled in the gaps between the two exterior

frames to reduce thermal bridging across the

wall. Construction consists of simple stacking

andscrewing together of units to provide vertical

and lateral bracing.

45

Finishing

Once the stacking is complete, each side of the

straw bale wall is enmeshed with a metal lath and

coated with a thick layer of cement plaster. This

helps waterproof the assembly and gives it a 2hr

fire rating. Since these straw bale assemblies are

not bearing loads from the truss or exterior roof

structure, there is no danger of a an isolated fire

in a strawbale-enclosed room from threatening

the sudden collapse of the overall roof through

the rest of the building.

INVENTORY OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES - COAST

Property Values

This map shows the present-day building values for the

town of Sainte-Flavie (as assessed most recently in 2014).

On practically all properties in the town, the value of the

building makes up the large majority of the value of the

property, while land values are a small share.

This fact suggests that dismantling/reconstruction,

reuse or wholesale relocation of certain buildings to

less-precarious lands nearby are economically feasible

strategies for residents who wish to remain in Saint-

Flavie while preserving their home values as the coastline

encroaches.

Building Values

Land Uses

>$500,000

$250,000 - $500,000

$100,000 - $250,000

<$100,000

Agriculture

Vacant Lot (Unbuilt)

Land Values

>$50,000

$35,000 - $50,000

$20,000 - $35,000

<$20,000

Fleuve Saint-Laurent

46

ROUTE 132


Rue Pelletier

Rue Chouinard

Route 132

47

Route 132

Rue Bellevue

Reclaimable Wood - 2036

This map shows buildings in Sainte-Flavie that are projected

to be at risk of damage from high-tide storm flooding within

the next 15 years, recommending their dismantling. Since

most consist of standard wood-frame typologies, much of

their structure can be salvaged for reuse.

A typical 150m 2 wood-frame 2-storey house with a 75m 2

footprint contains a lumber volume of 31.24m 3 . Of this,

approximately 60% of the lumber can be recovered for

reuse.* Using these assumptions, we can calculate the

predicted volume of wood that can be reclaimed from the

at-risk wood buildings in each time scale.

Building Values

Land Uses

>$500,000

$250,000 - $500,000

$100,000 - $250,000

<$100,000

Agriculture


Ho

Ho

Hou

Restaurant - 30m 3

Building Name - Reclaimable Wood (m 3 )

Total Reclaimable Wood: 1,357 m 3

Avg density of wood: 471 kg/m 3

Total Reclaimed Wood Weight: 638,469

House - 27m 3

House - 38m 3

House -52m 3

Le Ketch - 68m 3

House - 37m 3

House - 12m 3

La Suggestion Gift Shop - 42m 3

Gallery - 37m 3

Auberge Portes sur Mer - 79m 3

48

La Gaspesiana Hotel - 348m 3

Garage - 7m 3

House - 20m 3

Helios - 40m 3

Shed - 7m 3

House - 13m 3

use - 20m 3

use - 17m 3

se - 30m 3


House - 4m 3 House - 14m 3

Shed - 8m 3

Shed - 7m 3

Shed - 8m 3

House - 16m 3

Rue Pelletier

House - 11m 3

House - 35m 3

House - 22m 3

House - 26m 3

House - 22m 3

House - 29m 3

House - 58m 3

House - 32m 3

Shed - 8m 3

House - 44m 3

House - 28m 3

House - 58m 3

Rue Chouinard

Route 132

49

Route 132

Rue Bellevue

Catho

Reclaimable Wood - 2071

This map shows buildings in Sainte-Flavie that are projected

to be at risk of damage from high-tide storm flooding within

the next 50 years, recommending their dismantling within

the 15-50yr time span.

In addition, much of the coastal Route 132 can be expected

to be submerged, damaged or otherwise impassable by

the 50-year mark, thereby effectively stranding properties

with no alternative access routes, such as the subdivisions

around Rue Chouinard and Rue Pelletier. Buildings on these

properties may be additionally recommended for dismantling

and reclaiming of material.

Building Values

Land Uses

>$500,000

$250,000 - $500,000

$100,000 - $250,000

<$100,000

Agriculture


Feuve Saint-Laurent

Building Name - Reclaimable Wood (m 3 )

Total Reclaimable Wood: 1,766 m 3

Avg density of wood: 471 kg/m 3

Total Reclaimed Wood Weight: 831,786 kg

House - 34m 3

Galerie - 22m 3

House - 20m 3

Galerie d’art du Vieu

House - 27m 3

House - 11m 3 / Shed - 6m 3


50

Total Cumulative Reclaimable Wood: 3,123 m 3

Total Cumulative Reclaimed Wood Weight: 1,470,255 kg

House - 22m 3

House - 36m 3 Shed - 11m 3

House - 25m 3

House - 42m 3

House/Bistro - 26m 3

Shed - 35m 3

House - 29m 3

House - 16m 3



Gite et Camping - 24m 3

House - 17m 3

Shed - 14m 3

Shed - 8m 3

Motel Sainte-Flavie - 65m 3

Canada Post - 6m 3

House - 8m 3

House - 8m 3

House - 14m 3

House - 17m 3

House - 29m 3

House - 35m 3

House - 22m 3

Shed - 11m 3

House - 14m 3

House - 23m 3

Shed - 5m 3 / House - 25m 3

House - 23m 3


House - 19m 3 / House - 23m 3

Retirement Home - 359m 3

Rue Pelletier

House - 26m 3

House - 14m 3

Shed - 12m 3

House - 22m 3

House - 58m 3 / Shed - 12m 3




House - 34m 3 Rue Chouinard

House - 40m 3

House - 15m 3 House - 21m 3 / Shed - 11m 3

Barn - 74m 3

Shed - 26m 3

lic Church

x Presbytère - 80m 3

51

Route 132

Rue Bellevue

52

Chapter 3

The Facility

53

54


3.1 Storing, Processing

Phase 1

The Agricultural Adaptive Research Co-Operative, or A.A.R.C., is a proposed new

facility, to be run by a local co-operative of farmers, that will be used to support the

local agricultural and social networks as they adapt to climate change. The building

will be constructed in three distinct phases over time, with each phase addressing

an expedient local need brought on by the changing climate and coastline; namely,

these are, in order: the displacement of coastal residents, the shifting tourism

identity, and the increased agricultural output becoming the new economic center

of gravity.

Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. facility construction will be a building made from new

lumber, programmed exclusively for the purpose of storing, sorting, and processing

salvaged materials and wood from disassembled coastal homes. After processing,

high-grade reclaimed materials are then to be reused primarily for building new

replacement homes along the rear access roads above the escarpment on existing

coastal farm parcels, while poor grade materials will be sent to the eco-center. These

newly constructed homes can then either be sold, rented, or gifted with priority to

the displaced coastal residents who wish to remain in Sainte Flavie. Using exclusively

salvaged materials, new homes could be built at an approximate ratio of one new

comfortable house per four disassembled homes. A new access road will need to

be paved along the north property boundary between Mont-Joli airport and the

adjacent coastal farm lots to facilitate this transition on those parcels.

55

Site Axonometric

Sainte-Flavie

Bellevue St

Transect Parcel

Christian Assembly Hall

Garage

Site

Hwy 132

56

Sewage Treatment Plant

Typical Costal Farm Lots


Typical Costal Farm Lots

Mont-Joli

57

Mont-Joli

Regional

Airport

Site Axonometric - Phase 1

Typical Costal

Farm Lots

58

Future Route

Hwy 132

Mont-Joli

Regional

Airport


GOVʼT OF QUEBEC

Up to $200,000 funding

incentives for moving from

coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

FARM LOTS

COASTAL

STRUCTURES

Disassembled, materials

salvaged. Land rewilding

Salvaged

Homes

% of

Incentive

CO-OP PHASE 1:

WORK

Storage & Processing of

Salvaged Material from

Unbuilt Homes

Build

NEW HOMES

Leased or sold to displaced

residents, tourists and

other clients

% of Incentive

Salvaged Barns

Salvage Homes

CO-OP PHASE 2:

AGRITOURISM

Expansion of Facility to

provide rental tourist

accomodation and a public

events venue

FARMERS

10% of land designated

for co-op operations,

experimenting with new crops,

methods and research.

59

Build

Build

Share

Build

Build

Revenue

Sales/Leasing

Construction

Research Grants

CO-OP PHASE 3:

INNOVATION


Provide Experimental

Research Labs, Learning

Rooms

Research

Share

Revenue

Employment

New Crops

New Biogenic

Bldg Materials

Legend

Building material flows

Financial flows

Crop flows

60

Construction Process - Phase 1


PROS

OSPE

CT

IV

E PHAS

ASE2

61

PROSPECTIVE PHASE 3

The structure of the building sets a datum line for the next phases. Made of

GLULAM columns and Beams, the structure supports the truss system defined

earlier. A constant interior height of 4.5m gives a human scale to the space as

well as clearance for transportation trucks and agricultural equipment to enter

the space. In Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C., all the materials used are new since the

unbuilding process of the coastal homes is starting at about the same time.

This phase of the project is critical to introduce new building techniques in

the construction industry in terms of material uses and sourcing. While the

building stays relatively simple in its shape, the incorporation of biogenic

materials like the tied-back thatched straw for the roof and the exterior walls

represents a renewal of old building techniques in a contemporary way.

Exploded Axonometric - Phase 1

Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. has a light industrial purpose to support the unbuilding

practice on the coastline and start the research activities of the cooperative.

Two large spaces provide a freeness of uses. It could be adapted to other sorts

of programs, like an emergency shelter in times of great need. Different size of

operable doors allows for a wide range of access. Large agricultural equipment

could be stored there, to be shared by the farmers.

Legend

1. Storage

2. Workshop

3. Tools Storage

4. Mechanical Room

5. Secondary Entrance

6. Garbage Room

7. Tied-back Thatched Straw

Industrial Shelves

Utility Equipments

62

1

Large Agricultural Door

Builders

Salvaged Materials

Unbuilders

Drop Off Point


3

4

5

AF

armer

6

Woodworking

Equipments

A Researcher

er

2

A Visitor

63

Operable Glass Doors

Secondary Entrance

7

7

Phase 1 - Completed

Emergency Shelter Plan

2010 Saw a terrible winter storm in Sainte-Flavie,

damaging many coastal properties and displacing

their residences. As climate changes, severe storms

and coastal flooding will occur with more frequency

and place coastal residents in greater risk. In the

event of another disaster, the storage and workshop

rooms of Phase 1 of the facility can be easily adapted

to become an emergency shelter space. Later, after

the construction of Phases 2 and 3, the multipurpose

spaces and rental bedrooms can also be used to house

people during a crisis. Using the stored inventory of

straw bale wall modules, ad-hoc bounded sleeping

spaces, and warming rooms can be quickly assembled.

The great insulating quality of the straw can help

provide a warmer microclimate in spaces bounded by

it, especially if people are huddled in close quarters.

64


65

Stacked Straw Bale

Modules

66

Storage Space


67

Workshop Space

Typical Coastal Farm Lot - Phase 1

There are over 89 farm parcels in Sainte-Flavie that

share this typical landscape condition: long skinny lots

stretching perpendicular from coastal Route 132 on the

floodplain, up the escarment to a rear access road deep

inland. The size of these properties in addition to their

relationship to the coast make them ideal conditions for

cheaply transitioning at-risk coastal buildings to inland

agricultural terrain while retaining the community’s

connection to the water.

The most vulnerable coastal homes should be

abandoned and disassembled immediately. The homes’

salvaged materials would be brought to the first phase

of the new co-op building for storage and processing

for reuse in new builds. Using our prior calculations,

we can conservatively approximate that for every 8m 2

of area per unbuilt home, 1m 2 area of a replacement

unit can be built from recycled wood. Based on areas,

it would take four typical 150m 2 (2-storey) single family

homes to produce one new, comfortably-sized 75m 2

2-bedroom unit.


Example parcel, below

Mont Joli

Map of Sainte-Flavie

Typ. Coastal Farm Lots

68

reclaimable area

(12.5%)

existing house area

4 existing coastal houses

new 2bd unit

above escarpment

(reclaimed wood)

1

Forested

escarpment

Farm owner residence

(Highlighted) Coastal properties at

acute risk in the next 15 years


Rear Access route/road. For parcels

that abut Mont Joli airport at the

rear, a new paved access route

would need to be provided along the

perimeter of the airport lot.

2

Current productive farmland

Red: Land to be

parcelled or leased;

recommended

1:1 or greater for

properties formerly

parcelled from the

farm lots along the

coastal Route 132

69

Floodplain

Uphill

1. The Government of Quebec is offering up to

$200,000 in incentives for homeowners in at-risk

floodplains to move. Owners of coastal properties

can take advantage of this and begin disassembly.

Salvageable materials will be brought to the AARC

Phase 1 for processing.

2. Farmers build new homes on their land to be

accessed from the rear roads, either to be rented

or sold, with priority given to displaced residents

of Sainte Flavie. Salvaged material from the co-op

building can supplement the new construction.

70


3.2 Developing, Expanding, Accomodating

Phase 2

Phase 2 of the A.A.R.C. facility will be constructing a new building volume

programmed to accommodate emerging agri-tourism activities. Coinciding with the

gradual inundation of Coastal Route 132—which is expected to become impassable in

many areas, threatening remaining coastal businesses—Phase 2 of the building will

be constructed primarily from reclaimed wood as disassembly of coastal structures

continues. Coastal barns and the residences of the farm parcel owners will need to

begin disassembly and relocation up the escarpment as waters threaten properties

across Route 132, providing ample material for future expansion of the A.A.R.C. facility.

The decommissioning of coastal Route 132 will gradually make inland Route 132

the primary means of access to the town of Sainte-Flavie. Since our site is centrally

located along this road at the corner of Mont Joli airport, it is visibly well-positioned

to attract tourist traffic. The new volume contains leasable bedrooms, dining rooms,

and other accommodation spaces, in addition to a large multiple-purpose event

space that accommodates a wide variety of uses including weddings, markets,

conferences, performances, community gatherings, and other social activities. This

phase of the facility capitalizes on the potential to center agritourism as a new draw

for Sainte Flavie despite the reduced accessibility to the coast. Simultaneously, it

provides a source of rental income for the farmer co-op owners to finance future

expansion, active operations, research, new equipment, and reinvestment into

the local economy.

71


Typical Costal

Farm Lots

72

Future Route

Hwy 132

Farm Lots


GOVʼT OF QUEBEC



coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

FARM LOTS

COASTAL

STRUCTURES



Salvaged

Homes

% of

Incentive

CO-OP PHASE 1:

WORK



Unbuilt Homes

Build

NEW HOMES



other clients

% of Incentive

Salvaged Barns

Salvage Homes

Build

CO-OP PHASE 2:

AGRITOURISM




events venue

FARMERS





73

Build

Share

Build

Build

Revenue

Sales/Leasing

Construction

Research Grants

CO-OP PHASE 3:

INNOVATION




Rooms

Research

Share

Revenue

Employment

New Crops

New Biogenic

Bldg Materials

Legend


Financial flows

Crop flows

74



75

PROSPECTIVE PHASE 3

For phase 2, the same construction techniques are used, but this time taking

advantage of the salvaged materials previously-stored in phase 1. At this point

in time, unbuilding processes are happening at the same time as the rebuilding,

for the research facility or the greater community that is being relocated. This

phase is meant to be a second building on the site to keep the activities up and

running in the storage and workshops.

The two buildings will function separately as they have opposite programs and

different needs. In the accommodations part, the construction system varies.

Rather than having a slab on a grade like the other spaces, a crawl space is

created to integrate an insulated floor system for comfort

Exploded Axonometric - Phase 2

Phase 2 of the A.A.R.C. contains one open space and accommodations units

with their respective programs. The open space is meant for large community

events of various nature, seasonal markets, exhibitions, weddings, etc... The

accommodations provide spaces for researchers who would stay on-site for a

longer period. These spaces could also be rented by tourism, to learn about

the research facility and the activities they focus on. A kitchen and dining

space is positioned in the middle to enhance the sense of community, foster

discussions, exchanges.

2

Farmer

fr

om

La Rédem

emp

tion

Farmer from

Sai

nt-Donat

Loc

al Farmer

76

1

9

Community

Seasonal Market

Legend

1. Open Space

2. Services

3. Lounge

4. Closed Office Space

5. Transition Space

6. Private Rooms

7. Kitchen + Dinning

8. Tied-back Thatched Straw

9. Temporary Wall Assembly


7

6

AR

ese

searc

her

Additional Thermal Layer

*Refer to chapter 4

3

A Tourist

5

4

77

Farmerʼs Stand

8

Operable Windows

Secondary Access

Operable Glass Door Windows

Phase 2 - Completed

Gathering

78

Market

Exhibition


Christmas Event

79

Wedding

Yoga Session


Floodplain

1. Rewilding of Coastline with plants

such as American beechgrass to slow

coastal erosion.

2. Concrete foundations undergo

carbonatation, creating a carbon sink

over time. As the concrete shells fill

with water, algae slowly breaks down

the concrete.

3

3. Properties within the 50-yr

flood risk zone to be disassembled;

materials salvaged and brough to

Co-op to be processed and used for

Phase 2 of Co-op expansion.

4.Coastal route 132 may become

seasonably impassable and/or

significantly damaged.

5. Farmerʼs residence abandoned for

new replacement home constructed

at rear road access; old home is

disassembled.

6. Barn structures begin disassembly,

salvaging and processing in phasing

appropriate to maintain farm

operations. Much barn structure

can be salvaged for Phase 2 of Co-op

Building.

80

1

6

2

5

4


1

3

81

2

Uphill

1. Residences have been

completed, are in use as rentals

or sold to new owners. Rental

income supplements farm and

co-op operations.

2. The farmerʼs new permenant

family residence is built at the

rear riad and ready for move-in.

3. New/replacement barn

buildings are being constructed

as needed.

4. Normal farm operations

continue.

4

82


3.3 Researching, Innovating, Learning

Phase 3

Phase 3 of the A.A.R.C. Facility will be expanding the facility to connect the two

volumes from Phase 1 and 2 so that they become one long continuous building. Like

Phase 2, this phase would be constructed with primarily reclaimed and materials.

The new infill space will house flexible research spaces including a laboratory and

workshop space. The building can now accommodate intensive, experimental

research into new crops, farming methods, products, biogenic material production,

and other agricultural and sustainable practices. Workshop and storage spaces

are now primarily used for farming activities and the sharing of resources, tools,

and information. Farmers would dedicate about 5-10% of farmland on their own

parcels for collective co-op production projects, while the abandoned coastal edge

of the parcel would be allowed to rewild with anti-erosion flora and native fauna.

In addition, due to the uncertain future of the adjacent Mont-Joli Airport,

this phase proposes adaptive re-use of the vast arable land on the airport

property for integration with co-op activities and crop production.

The A.A.R.C. would become the new major center of the community in Saint-Flavie,

able to host both innovative private research and large public social events yearround.

It would help attract both public and private investment into the region

while maintaining Sainte-Flavieʼs traditional status as a tourist destination.

The flexible spatial arrangement of the final building itself consists of modular

interior wood and straw bale partitions which can be easily disassembled and

reassembled into new configurations as the farmersʼ needs change over time. The

strong thermal properties of these enclosures also allow for experimentation in

natural thermoregulation as these configurations change. This phase represents

the launching pad for new opportunities to transform the town and the region into

a world model for climate resiliency and agricultural innovation.

83


Typical Costal

Farm Lots

84

Future Route

Hwy 132

Farm Lots


GOVʼT OF QUEBEC



coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

FARM LOTS

COASTAL

STRUCTURES



Salvaged

Homes

% of

Incentive

CO-OP PHASE 1:

WORK



Unbuilt Homes

Build

NEW HOMES



other clients

% of Incentive

Salvaged Barns

Salvage Homes

Build

CO-OP PHASE 2:

AGRITOURISM




events venue

FARMERS





85

Build

Share

Build

Build

Revenue

Sales/Leasing

Construction

Research Grants

CO-OP PHASE 3:

INNOVATION




Rooms

Research

Share

Revenue

Employment

New Crops

New Biogenic

Bldg Materials

Legend


Financial flows

Crop flows

86



87

Phase 3 of the A.A.R.C. fills up the gap space between the building to complete

the remaining programmatic elements of the space. Each extremity of the

buildings, constructed to be easily dismantled, are partly taken down and

reused for the construction. The building sequence stays still and it is expected

that this part is quickly realized as they are in continuity with the rest of the

building. In this scenario, the closing gesture complete the thermal regulation

strategy (thermal nesting) of the building, refer to chapter 4.

Phase 3: Research & Innovation

Phase 3 of the building will be devoted to expanded facilities for research

and innovation, including a fully equipped laboratory. A large multi-purpose

learning space along the south side can be used as a classroom and meeting

room to host training sessions, classroom visits, lectures and workshops. the

room also doubles as a sun room to let in solar gain in the winter. Office space

and additionals torage will be provided as well This phase marks the final

piece of the facility connecting all phases, with its proximity to the workshop

from Phase 1 allowing ease of connection between hands-on work between

the shop, laboratory and classroom.

88

Phase 1 Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 2

Phase 1


1. Laboratory

2. Sunroom Learning Space

3. Open Office

4. Storage

5. Closets

6. Operable Garage Doors

4

3

5

89

1

To

Multipurpose

Space

Phase 2

To workshop

Phase 1

2

6


Floodplain

1. Rewilding/cultivation of

Coastline continues, trees such

as the common juniper are

introduced as a wind buffer

1

2. Concrete foundations undergo

carbonatation, creating a carbon

sink over time. As the concrete

shells fill with water, algae slowly

breaks down the concrete.

3. Advanced progression of

shoreline has made Coastal Route

132 totally impassable

4. The remaining floodplain

could have multiple uses such

as a beach, campsite, park or for

(limited) agricultural production.

Other possibilities include selling

or consolidating the leftover

floodplain to become new public

lands as a park, ecological

reserve or common beach for the

residents and visitors of Sainte

Flavie.

4

90

2

3


91

1

2

Uphill

1. New/replacement barn

buildings have been completed

and all farm operations, animals,

tools etc have been permanently

relocated uphill at the rear road.

2. Normal farm operations

continue. Research- and touristbased

co-op operations ramp

up with Phase 2 of the facility

complete: Participating farmers

agree to designate a percentage of

their own lands for production of

experimental crops and methods

on behalf of co-op research.

A.A.R.C.ʼs Operation Flows

GOVʼT OF QUEBEC



coastal floodplain

A.A.R.C. FACILITY

FARM LOTS

COASTAL

STRUCTURES



Salvaged

Homes

Build

CO OP PHASE 1:

WORK



Unbuilt Homes

Build

NEW HOMES



92

% of Incentive

Salvaged Barns

Salvage Homes

Build

CO OP PHASE 2:

AGRITOURISM




events venue

Share

Build

Build

Revenue

Leasing

Sales/L

Construction

FARMERS



experimenting with new

Build

Staple crops

Research Grants

CO OP PHASE 3:

INNOVATION




Rooms

All programs are now

functional and connected,

providing consistent

flows of income revenue,

material and new and

old crops for research,

development and

innovation.

Research

Share

Revenue

Rental Income

New Crops

Biogenic Materials

EDUCATION

Legend


Opportunities for

education are created

through the CO-OP

Financial flows

Crop flows


COMMUNITY

RESIDENTS

Residents benefit from the

market, the employemet

opportunities and the

new economic growth of

tourism

Hiring

MARKET

ECONOMY

Sales

The market benefits

the community for

providing goods as well

as enployments and for

attracting tourism

Shipping

Sales

EXPORTS

Sales

All

Crops

The economy is

strenghtened by the export

of agricultural goods

outside of the region

93

TOURISM

Agritourism and

vacationing become the

two dominant drivers

of tourism into the local

economy

New Biogenic

Bldg Materials

EMPLOYMENTS

The market, crops and CO

OP create employment

opportunities for the

community

WORKSHOPS AND

EVENTS

Both the community and

tourists benefir from the

events and workshops

organized at the CO-OP. It

brighs socio-economic and

cultural value to the area.

FUTURE

MANUFACTURING

With new reasearch about

biogenic material and

other flax products, there

will be an incentive for

mass manufacturing of

those products

Hiring/Training

94

Climate Adaptation

95Chapter 4

96

Current climate

Near Team mean temperatures

Long Term mean temperatures

Interior setpoint temperatures

Adaptive comfort temperature range

Coldest annual temperature

13°C difference

Hottest annual temperature

Comfortable

The temperature cascades are

based on the two extreme setpoint

temperatures.

θ1 θ2 θ3

Summer 23.5°C 25°C 27.5°C


4.1 Regional Climate Projection

Adaptive Tresholds

To face climate change with resiliency, we designed our building for the worst-case

scenario, with a climate projection between 2081 and 2100 assuming a high-carbon

future. The adaptive thresholds for the region are based on the IPCC Interactive

Atlas database.

Based on the ICPPʼs projections, the average temperature for the Bas-St-Laurent

region would still generally be very cold, however natural ventilation could be used

for at least half of the year to provide passive cooling in the warm season. In the

summertime, comfortable temperature is achievable without any supplementary

mechanical cooling devices, even on the hottest day of summer. Generally, local

Summers will get hotter, and Winters will get warmer, creating an opportunity to

also provide passive ventilation strategies even in previously-cooler months.

97

Regional Climate Projection - 50 years

1 : 1 000 000

In 50 years, the average yearly temperature near the

shore line will be at 7 °C meaning that there will be a 2

°C increase from now.

Ar

Popul Popul

Area: 3km 3km

S

Area: 65km 2

98

Population: 822 +31%

Population: 548 -38%

Area: 38km 2

Population: 2 295 -18%

Area: 73km 2

Population: 52 457 +42%

Area: 23km 2


Area: 121km 2


Area: 8km 2

Population: 20 092 +3.0%

Area: 84km 2

Sainte-Flavie will be affected. New possibilities for agriculture

will be created such as new crops to grow. The

total population of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region will have

increased by about 7.8%. This number is a prediction

based on the tendencies from the 2016 census from Statistics

Canada extended over 50 years*. For this prediction

to happen, adaptation is necessary to face the challenges

brought by climate change.

Average Yearly Temperature

8 °C

7 °C

6 °C

5 °C

4 °C

3 °C

Rivière-du-Loup

Trois - Pistoles

Saint - Fabien

Rimouski

Les

Besques Besques

Sainte - Luce

Sainte - Flavie

Métis sur sur mer

Population: 393 -33%

Area: 49km 2

Baie - des - sables

Sainte - André


Area: 70km 2

Rimouski-Neigette

Kamouraska


Area: 43km 2

La Pocatière

Rivière-du-Loup


Area: 21km 2

Road 132 132

Kamouraska Témiscouata

National park

Controled exploitation zone

Wildlife reserve


FLEUVE SAINT-LAURENT

Road 132

Matane

Population: 13 13 623 623 -24% -24%

ainte - Ulric

ea: ea: 663km 663km

2

ation: ation: 327 327 -45% -45%

2

Matane

La Matapédia

BAS-SAINT-LAURENT

Road 132

99

La Mitis

Total Population Count

Year 1 90 347

Year 15 92 444

Year 50 97 347 +7.8%

Key map Quebec

1 : 20 000 000

Footnote:

*Population data from 2011 - 2016 taken from Statistics Canada,

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/

100


4.2 Agricultural Adaptation

Optimizing Yields

Sainte-Flavie has two great natural resources that provide the economic and social

vitality of the town: the water, which attracts a tourist economy, and the land, which

supports great agricultural productivity. We have seen the massively disruptive

impact that climate change is having on the relationship between the townspeople

and the water. However, its effects on their relationship with the land have the

potential to be much more salutary, as longer growing seasons and projected

increases in crop yields are expected to be a boon for the agricultural economy of

Bas-St-Laurent. This silver lining puts Sainte-Flavie in a great position to adapt to

climate change gracefully by capitalizing on innovation in the agriculture sector.

In addition to increased yields of existing crops, climate change will likely allow

the introduction of new crops to the region. The A.A.R.C. facility and attendant

co-operative provide the foundation for the local farmers to pool resources and

research new crops and farming methods, as well as byproducts of crops, such as

the surging market interest in biogenic building materials. Flaxseed cultivation,

which has recently begun in the region, is an example of a crop that has huge

economic and manufacturing potential beyond its raw commodity value, which

could translate to major new investments into industry and employment in the

greater region. Finally, the uncertain future of Mont-Joli Interregional airport leaves

open the possibility to convert some of its nearly 910 acres of land into agricultural

uses in partnership with A.A.R.C. operations.

101

Crop Rotations and Yields

A Case Study of Flax Yields According to Different Stubbles

Crop Rotations. Crop rotations consists of planting different crops sequentially on a given area of farm land

in order to improve the soilʼs health, balance its nutrients, and combat pest and weed stress. A simple rotation

could involve two or three crops, and a more complex one might include a dozen. Below is a preliminary list

of crops that could potentially be integrated in a crop rotation with flax. However, actual rotations should be

planned using local expertise; it would be unreasonable to specify a specific crop rotation strategy.

FLAX SOWN ON ITS

OWN STUBBLE

lowest yield and quality

FLAX SOWN ON

WHEAT STUBBLE

high yield and quality

FLAX SOWN ON

BARLEY STUBBLE


102

Blue Flax

Linum perenne

Light: Full sun

Soil: Sandy soil, Loamy soil,

Drought/dry soil

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Advantages: Easy to grow, Bee

friendly, Low maintenance, Good for

containers, Great for mass plantings,

Naturalizes.

Wheat Grass

Triticum

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained soil


Advantages: Erosion control, Nutrient

cash crop, Cash and cover crop,

Weed suppressor, Soil enhancer,

Spring pasture.

Barley Grass

Hordeum vulgare

Light: Full sun

Soil: Loamy soil, Well-drained soil


Advantages: Easy to grow, Erosion

control, Nutrient recycler, Weed

suppressor, Soil enhancer, Pest

suppression.


A Natural Solution. If a farmer plants the exact same crop on his/her land every year, he/she continually

pulls the same nutrients out of the soil. In the long term, as the growing conditions of the land will remain

constant, pests and diseases who thrive from these conditions will start to appear. With monocultures like

the one described, adding chemical fertilizers and pesticides becomes a necessity in order to maintain high

yields. Thus, a simple crop rotation helps to naturally combat the undesired effects associated to monocultures.

FLAX SOWN ON

OAT STUBBLE

medium yield and quality

FLAX SOWN ON SWEET

CLOVER STUBBLE


FLAX SOWN ON

SOYBEAN STUBBLE


103

Common Oat

Avena sativa

Sweet Clover

Melilotus Officinalis

Soybean

Glycine max

Light: Full sun

Soil: Sandy soil, Loamy soil,

Drought/dry soil


Advantages: Weed suppressor, Erosion

control, Scavenge excess nutrients,

Add biomass, Soil enhancer.

Light: Full sun

Soil: Sandy soil, Clay soil, Average

soil

Bloom time: Late Spring to mid

Summer

Advantages: Naturalizes, Soil

enhancer, Erosion control

Light: Full sun

Soil: Average soil, Well-drained soil


Advantages: Agronomic value, Cash

crop, Erosion control, Diversifies

producersʼ grain marketing portfolio,

Soil enhancer.

Crop Rotations and Yields

A Case Study of Flax Yields According to Different Stubbles

Crop Rotations. Crop rotations consists of planting different crops sequentially on a given area of farm land

in order to improve the soilʼs health, balance its nutrients, and combat pest and weed stress. A simple rotation

could involve two or three crops, and a more complex one might include a dozen. Below is a preliminary list

of crops that could potentially be integrated in a crop rotation with flax. However, actual rotations should be

planned using local expertise; it would be unreasonable to specify a specific crop rotation strategy.

FLAX SOWN ON

CORN STUBBLE


FLAX SOWN ON

CANOLA STUBBLE

low yield and quality

FLAX SOWN ON

PEA STUBBLE

Highest yield and quality

104

Corn

Zea mays subsp. mays

Light: Full sun

Soil: Loamy soil


Advantages: Easy to grow, Low

maintenance, Cash crop, Scavenge

excess nutrients.

Canola

Brassica napus

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained soil


Advantages: Bee friendly, Erosion

control, Nutrient cash crop, Cash

and cover crop, Weed suppressor,

Soil enhancer,

Sweet Pea

Lathyrus odoratus

Light: Full sun / Half sun

Soil: Sandy / Loamy / Clay Soil,

Well-drained soil

Bloom time: Summer

Advantages: Attract Butterflies, Bee

Friendly, Fragrant, Extended Bloom

Time (more than 4 weeks), Great For

Mass Plantings


A Natural Solution. If a farmer plants the exact same crop on his/her land every year, he/she continually

pulls the same nutrients out of the soil. In the long term, as the growing conditions of the land will remain

constant, pests and diseases who thrive from these conditions will start to appear. With monocultures like

the one described, adding chemical fertilizers and pesticides becomes a necessity in order to maintain high

yields. Thus, a simple crop rotation helps to naturally combat the undesired effects associated to monocultures.

FLAX SOWN ON

NAVY BEAN STUBBLE


FLAX SOWN ON

SUNFLOWER STUBBLE


FLAX SOWN ON

POTATO STUBBLE


105

Navy Bean

Phaseolus vulgaris

Sunflower

Helianthus

Potato

Solanum tuberosum

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained, Slightly acidic


Advantages: Agronomic value, Cash

crop, Erosion control, Diversifies

producersʼ grain marketing portfolio,

Soil enhancer.

Light: Full sun / Half sun

Soil: Sandy / Loamy / Clay Soil,

Drought / Moist Soil

Bloom time: Summer

Advantages: Attract Butterflies, Easy

To Grow, Attract Hummingbirds,

Bee Friendly, Low Maintenance,

Great For Mass Plantings

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained, acidic soil


Advantages: Easy to grow, Cash

crop, Easy to store crop

Disadvantages: Greatly disturbs soil

health and strength

Crop rotations and yields

1

9

2

8

3

7

4

6 5

106

Typical Farm Lot Organization

Simple crop rotation scenario

Legend

1 Farmerʼs family home

2 Barn

3 Vacant / Rentable portion of land

4 Subdivision of land to allow for crop rotations ( optional )


1

Blue Flax

Linum perenne

Flax enhances the soil structure and reduces the risk

of worms and fungi. Following itʼs cultivation, the

soil is now in itʼs ideal condition thanks to the weed

suppression advantages of flax.

6

Soybean

Glycine max

Soybeans provide nitrogen-rich residue to the soil and

are therefore best to plant prior to a crop that absorbs

significant amounts of nitrogen.

2

Canola

Brassica napus

Canola roots grow deeper in the soil and can therefore

7

Corn

Zea mays subsp. mays

Corn absorbs significant amounts of nitrogen and

absorb nutrients that are not accessible to other crops.

phosphorous from the soil. Corn also requires the

The roots also allow for water to penetrate through

presence of potassium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper

the soil, reducing the risk of erosion and improving

and boron to grow properly.

soil structure for future crops.

3

Common Oat

Avena sativa

Oat scavenges excess nutrients, more precisely, it

absorbs the excess Nitrogen, Potassium and Pospho-

8

Potato

Solanum tuberosum

Potatoes have a very high soil nutrient uptake. After

the harvest, the amount of crop residue is low and

107

rus found in the soil when planted early enough.

therefore the soil results with little protection from

erosion. Furthermore, the use of heavy machinery to

harvest the crop aresults to a greater soil degradation.

4

Sunflower

Helianthus

Sunflowers provide shade and therefore have very

9

Barley Grass

Hordeum vulgare

Barley absorbs the excess Nitrogen found in the soil. It

good weed suppression qualities. They can also help

also reduces soil moisture in its early growing stages,

in cleaning contaminated soils and are therefore very

improves soil structure and helps in weed control by

good to include in a crop rotation strategy.

providing sufficient amounts of shading.

5

Wheat Grass

Triticum

Wheat grass improves the soil structure as well as

increasing the nitrogen supply of the soil. Similar

to the canola roots, wheat roots also allow for water

to penetrate through the soil which means less runoff

and faster drainage and thus reducing the risk

of erosion.

Projected Climate Change Effects on Crop Yields

Case Study: Economic Benefits of Flax Farming

Studies by ecologists in recent years have sought to

quantify the impact of projected climate change on the

agricultural sector in Quebec. The general consensus

is that while some regions of Quebec will likely

experience declining crop yields in the near future, Bas-

St-Laurent is uniquely poised to see an immense surge

in crop yields and productivity. Furthermore, generally,

rising temperatures and longer growing seasons are

expected to allow the region to grow new crops that are

not yet widely cultivated.

This

should be seen as a silver lining for climate change in

the town of Sainte Flavie; while rising sea levels are

threatening the coastal tourism aspect of the economy,

rising temperatures are also improving the conditions

for the farming section to flourish. We propose that

Sainte-Flavie capitalizes on this opportunity to be a new

center for Quebec agriculture, additionally shifting its

tourism sector from strictly coastal tourism to more

agritourism.

108

Research Citation:

J Brassard, B. Singh. (2007) “Effects of climate change and CO2 increase on potential agricultural production in

Southern Québec, Canada.” Climate Research, Vol. 34 105-117.


The growth of flaxseed is already being adopted by farmers in the

Bas-St-Laurent region, due to its higher profitability than some

other staple regional crops. However, beyond the benefits of flax

growth to the farmers themselves, flaxseed cultivation has many

other great benefits that could have a transformational domino

effect on the greater regional economy of the Gaspesie. Flaxseed

is already widely used for so many different manufacturing

applications, including the production of linen textiles, linseed

oil, linoleum. Market interest in new biogenic and sustainable

building materials will position flaxseed as a major beneficiary

of investment and R&D, positioning the A.A.R.C. facility as

an ideal testing ground for using flax in new ways. This could

be a major opportunity to bring manufacturing, innovation,

entrepreneurship, and employment opportunities to the

region and help slow or reverse trends of depopulation and

disinvestment.

109

Site Plan

6

110


4

1

Mont-Joli

Regional Airport

(With agricultural activities)

4

2

111

Future Route

3

5

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

Main Entrance

Exterior Parking

Staging Area

Garden

Experimental Field

Greenhouse

Hwy 132

Site Sections

6

5

Section A

15

112

8

7

10

11

Section B

A

B

Key Plan


1

4

13

2

3

7

113

9

12 13

14

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Research Co-op

Exterior Parking

Staging Area

Garden

Experimental Field

Greenhouse

Farm Lots

Mont-Joli Regional Airport

Highway 132

10

11

12

13

14

15

Shared Kitchen / Dining

Entrance / Open Space

Sunroom

Workshop

Storage

Organic (Terric Humisol)

Top Soil

Subsoil

Parent Material

Bedrock

A.A.R.C.

Airport


Mont Joli

Map of Sainte-Flavie

Farmer Routes to AARC

Typ. Coastal farms

20m Elevation

Sainte-Flavie

114

(Coastal Route 132 decomissioned

due to sea level changes)

50-yr Shore Line

10m Elevation

20m Elevation

Typical Coastal Farm Lots

A.A.R.C.

Route 132

Adaptive Reuse of Mont-Joli Interregional Airport

In 2020, Air Canada indefinitely suspended operations

to the Mont-Joli interregional airport due to financial

uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic. National

efforts to combat climate change are likely also going to

limit the viability of discretionary air travel, leaving the

future fate of the airport in question. Because it is located

next to our proposed A.A.R.C. site, we are proposing

adaptive re-use of the arable land on the airport grounds

for farming and integration with the A.A.R.C. facilityʼs

operations. Furthermore, the Ecocentre de la Mitis, also

located on the airport site, can compliment material

processing at the A.A.R.C Facility. Agricultural activties on

the land could also occur concurrently with ongoing flight

operations without decomissioning the airport.

10m Elevation


atio

20m Elevation

Typical Coastal Farm Lots

New parcels on

farm lots to house

displaced coastal

residents

Sainte-Flavie

Mont-Joli

Easement for proposed new access road

New Farmland

115

(decomissioned Mont-Joli

Interregional Airport)

910 Acres

Ecocentre de la Mitis

(operations continue in collaboration

with the A.A.R.C. facilityʼs material

reclamation processing.

Ch. Perreault

Former Terminal

Sainte-Flavie

Mont-Joli

MONT JOLI

SAINTE-FLAVIE

Former Airport Property

N

20 °C 37 °C

35 °C

37 °C

36 °C

36 °C

32 °C

28 °C

34 °C

31 °C

Achieving thermal comfort

116

The human body can generate and dissipate heat depending of itʼs environment. The

objective of the metabolism is to regulate the body temperature with minimal effort and

when that is being achieved, this is what we call thermal comfort.

Projected climate change

Even though basic thermal comfort requirements are likely to remain the same over time,

the exterior environment is expected to change. Thus, there will be an increasing potential

for natural ventilation in the cold and cool seasons and an increasing risk for needing air

conditioning in the summer.


4.3 Climate Resilient Building Design

Designing for Thermal Nesting and Buoyancy Ventilation

This project will integrate new ways of thinking about thermodynamic behavior

in a building. Thermal nesting is a design strategy where different interior spaces

are organized in such a way as to allow the sharing of heat between rooms and

partitions. Coupled with buoyancy ventilation and thermal mass (see appendix),

this strategy allows for comfortable interior environments from season to season,

where the balance of energy exchange and the use of natural ventilation are at the

core of how a building works thermodynamically.

In the design process, building parameters such as surface area, internal heat

generation, rate of heat transfer, and ventilation rate can precisely predict the

experienced indoor environment, therefore enabling a design outcome that can rely

mostly on the natural environment, rather than mechanical systems. In addition

to considering indoor climatic conditions, we also calculated the embodied carbon

(refer to appendix), which is responsible for the principal greenhouse gas emissions

in building construction. The construction industry has the potential to shift to a

low carbon future by using principally biogenic materials and natural methods.

117

Heat exchanges for flow-divided nesting

Heat exchanges for flow-connected

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange

Nesting Strategies: Plan and Sections in Summer

Strategy no.1 Linear

1

6

1

2

3

5

118

1 Storage

2 Workshop

3 Mechanical room

4 Entrance

5 Garbage room

6 Laboratory

7 Sunroom

8 Open office

9 Toilet

10 Open space

11 Laundry

12 Office

13 Multipurpose space

14 Lounge

15 Bedroom

16 Shared kitchen & dinning


θ 3

θ 1

θ 4

1 Storage

Exterior

2 Workshop

37 °C

6 Laboratory /

27 °C / 36

θ 3

θ 4

θ 1


Strategy no.2 Spaces within Spaces

9

8

1

9

10

11

3

15

7

4

12

14

119

Strategy no.2 Spaces within

θ 2

θ 3

θ 2

θ 1

θ 1

θ 1

θ 2

Sunroom

°C

10 Open Space

37 °C

16 Accommodations

27 °C / 35 °C

θ 3

θ 1

θ 1

θ 1

θ 2

θ 2


Nesting Strategies: Plan and Sections in Winter


1

6

1

2

3

5

120

1 Storage

2 Workshop

3 Mechanical room

4 Entrance

5 Garbage room

6 Laboratory

7 Sunroom

8 Open office

9 Toilet

10 Open space

11 Laundry

12 Office

13 Multipurpose space

14 Lounge

15 Bedroom

16 Shared kitchen & dinning


θ 4

θ 3

θ 1

1 Storage

Exterior

2 Workshop

10 °C

6 Laboratory /

16 °C / 21

θ 3

θ 4

θ 1


Strategy no.2 Spaces within Spaces

9

8

1

9

10

11

3

15

7

4

12

14

121

Strategy no.2 Spaces within

θ 2

θ 3

θ 2

θ 1

θ 1

θ 1

θ 2

Sunroom

°C

10 Open Space

10 °C

16 Accommodations

15 °C / 24 °C

θ 3

θ 1

θ 1

θ 1

θ 2

θ 2


Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Divided

The accommodations alternate between a flow-divided scheme in summer and a flow-connected

scheme in winter allowing the thermal nesting strategies to be much more efficient in achieving

an adequate level of thermal comfort. T1 spaces were designed and set to the minimum required

thermal comfort level, 27 °C in summer and 20 °C in winter and then, the temperature cascade

was adjusted to mitigate the need for additional cooling. According to our calculations, during the

summer; cooling would only be needed in the common kitchen area and the guest rooms which

would require a minimal mechanical system. In the winter; cooling would be needed in the open

space which could simply be achieved by allowing for natural ventilation in the winter time.

122


Parameters

Research

Acco.

Required Heating / Cooling in Summer 2071

(Watts)

A

(w/m2k) (m2) (°C ) H mech. + H int. = + A

T3 0.61 302 9 T3 -3816 11000 5540 1644

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0 6000 5174 825

T1 0.61 108 -1 T1 -9277 8596 -616 -65

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 9 T3 0 6795 5603 1192

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0 5487 4428 1059

T1 0.61 63 -1 T1 -11116 10462 -616 -38

P 0.13 437

123

Key Plan


Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Divided









124

Heat gain through conduction

27 °C Setpoint temperature

Insulating material

Required air conditioning


37°C Setpoint temperature


Parameters

Research

Acco.


(Watts)

A


T3 0.61 302 9 T3 -3816 11000 5540 1644

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0 6000 5174 825

T1 0.61 108 -1 T1 -9277 8596 -616 -65

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 9 T3 0 6795 5603 1192

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0 5487 4428 1059

T1 0.61 63 -1 T1 -11116 10462 -616 -38

P 0.13 437

125


Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Connected









126

Heat loss through conduction


Insulating material

Required air conditioning



Parameters

Research

Acco.

Required Heating / Cooling in Winter 2071

(Watts)

A


T3 0.61 302 2 T3 -9403 11000 1231 365

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0 6000 5174 825

T1 0.61 108 13 T1 0 8596 7770 826

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 2 T3 -5302 6795 1231 262

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0 5487 4428 1059

T1 0.61 63 16 T1 0 10462 9851 611

P 0.13 437

127

Detailed Wall Section

The choice to use straw both visually expresses the agricultural roots of the project and functions

as an extra layer of insulating biogenic material. Roof overhangs create large interior / exterior

thresholds and are designed to control for the amount of solar gain through windows in the

summer and winter.

Considerations for the construction processes are closely integrated into the cooperativeʼs needs

in terms of spaces. The flexibility and adaptability of the interior layout are at the core of the

reflection on how to build for an unpredictable future. First, a thin external “shell” envelope

encloses spaces with fewer thermal needs, like storage and workshop spaces. A grid of Glulam

columns and beams support in-situ fabricated trusses, made of salvaged materials and steel

tension cables. Next, infill construction allows for more thermally-controlled spaces to be created

in adaptable configurations as the cooperative expands its activities. The construction strategy

for walls around these “nested” spaces consists of plaster-coated straw-bales held in place by a

modular wood framing system, which provide both a strong R-Value to keep interior heat levels

comfortable, as well as a 2=hour fire rating.

Both the buildingʼs exterior wall cladding and roofing is made of exposed tied-back straw, which--

like the straw bale in the interior nested walls--can be donated from the local farms. Finally, most

of the floor structure consists of a wood-frame box truss filled with straw, spanning a crawl space

that will be insulated from the perimeter wall by wood fibre board.

128

Construction systems

Infrastructure

Envelopes

1. Crawl space, 1200mm clearance

2. Perimeter Foundation Wall Composition

Air & waterproofing membrane

76.2mm Rigid foam insulation

300mm Reinforced concrete foundation wall

3. Gravel around drainage tile

R1: Roof composition

W1: Exterior wall composition

W2: Interior wall composition

F1: Floor composition

4. Steel gutter

5. Duratherm double glazed

hardwood awning window

6. Skylight with integrated gutter

Structure

Interior

Exterior

7. Glulam column, 200mm x 400mm

8. Glulam Beam, 200mm x 500mm

9. ʻʻFrankensteinʼʼ Long-span wood

truss

10. Wood lintel, 38mm x 241mm

11. Short-span wood truss

12. Semi-Transparent flax fiber drop

ceiling installed under tension

13. Wood deck, 19mm x 139mm

14. Wood structure, 38mm x 241mm

15. Concrete pillar Ø150mm


6

R1

8

9

4

7

11

W2

5

Transition Space

10

Bedroom

129

W1

13

F1

14

15

3

2 1

Typical Construction Assemblies

W1

Typical Exterior Shell Wall

113mm (Avg.) Tied-back straw siding

19 x 89mm Horizontal wooden battens

19 x 89mm Vertical wooden battens


80mm Rigid wood fiber insulation

19mm Plywood sheathing

38 x 139mm exposed wood studs @ 400mm o.c.

R-Value

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

10.5

-

-

-

12.3

0.8

RSI

(m 2·K/W)

1.85

-

-

-

2.17

0.14

Totals

23.7 4.18

W2

Typical Interior Straw Bale Wall

Fire Rating: 2hr

R-Value

RSI

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

(m 2·K/W)

130

Cement plaster finish

Metal mesh

460mm Straw bale, exposed on one side

Metal mesh

Cement plaster finish

0.2

43.1

-

-

0.2

0.04

7.59

-

-

0.04

Totals

Effective Nested Total

(W2 + W1)

43.5 7.67

67.2 11.85

W3

Typical Interior Stud Partition

Fire Rating: 1hr

R-Value

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

RSI

(m 2·K/W)

16mm gypsum wall board

2x4 wood stud wall 16” o.c.

16mm gypsum wall board

0.6

1.0

0.6

0.11

0.18

0.11

Totals


(W3 + W1)


(W3 + W1 + W2)

2.2 0.40

25.9 4.56

69.4 12.25


R1

Typical Roof Assembly

R-Value

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

RSI

(m 2·K/W)

150mm (Avg.) Tied-back Thatched Straw


19 x 89mm Vertical wooden battens


80mm Rigid wood fiber insulation


Reclaimed wood trusses *sized

14.0

-

-

-

12.3

-

-

2.47

-

-

-

2.17

-

-

Totals

26.3 4.64

F1

Typical Wood Floor Assembly

R-Value

RSI

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

(m 2·K/W)

Soil

Vapour Barrier Membrane

100mm sand

1200mm crawl space

Air & Waterproofing Membrane


Reclaimed wood I joist floor structure

460mm Straw- filled cavity between trusses


19mm wood flooring

-

-

-

-

-

0.8

-

43.1

0.8

0.8

-

-

-

-

-

0.14

-

7.59

0.14

0.14

131

Totals

45.5 8.01

F2

Slab-on-grade Floor Assembly

Soil

152mm gravel bed

100mm wood fibre rigid insulation

Waterproofing membrane

152mm concrete slab-on-grade

R-Value

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

-

-

15.4

-

1.2

RSI

(m 2·K/W)

-

-

2.72

-

0.21

Totals

16.6 2.38

132

Conclusion

Another Winter

133

134


135

136

Appendix

137

Inventory of Human Resources

Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Housing

By the year 2036, 32 houses will be flooded and 64

people* will need to find emergency housing while they

get their new house constructed. By the year 2071, those

numbers will have risen to 78 houses and 156 people*.

Most of these events will occur gradually over time,

but we do have to consider the possibility of a storm

knocking out several houses at once.

Footnote:

*Based on a 2.1 average household size


Vacant lots

Gagnon Mic

Brooke Da

Guimond Lorr

Côté A

Ross Raym

Pelletier Lo

138

Non-Residential lots

Coastline in 15 years

Beaulieu André

Drolet Louise


Charest Annette

Desbiens Serge

Fortin Jean-François

Giguère Gascon Chloé

Alain Mario

Gagné Denis

Beaulieu Mario

Jean

Bou

Lar

Beaulieu Annie-Clau

Duguay Janic

Beaulieu Mario

Chenard Bertrand

Thibault

Yves-Francis

Jones Donald

Lavoie Léa

Rondeau Patrice

Duguay Odette

Larouche Daniel

Duguay Odette

Lavoie Michel

Fontaine Gilles

Lepage Huguette

Malouin François

Pelletier Isabelle

Coulombe Jacques

Lucas Marie-Andrée

Fournier Mathieu

Proulx Bernier Annie

Beaulieu André

Fournier Bernard

de

Dumas Germaine

Appendix

Dumas Jocelyne

Beaulieu Nicole

Dubé Doris

Collin Monique

Parent Eric

Quimper Julie

Lapierre Real

Tourangeau Nicole

Dubé Michael

Deschènes Pascal

Bélanger Caroline

Banville Dianne

Mcinnis Marie-Claude

Delisle Monique

Lambert Michel

Larouche Jasmine

Louis Junior

Fortin Geneviève

Gendron André

Rioux Lorrain

Bilodeau Eric

Desrosiers Daniel

Dionne Steve

Deschènes Carmen

Thériault Alain

Fortin Dianne

Roy Ghislain

Turcotte Hélène

Pouliot Donald

Emond Ghislaine

Boudreau Nicolas

Dufour Roger

Chénard Livina

Lemay Serge

hael

rlène

aine

ndré

ond

uise

Smith Richard

St-Amande Mélanie

Demers Gilbert

Smith Louis

Fournier Julie

St-Germain Carole

Smith Richard

St-Amande Mélanie

Smith Louis

Fournier Julie

139

Danielle

illon Mélanie

vée Nathalie

Inventory of Human Resources

Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism

By the year 2036, 32 houses will be flooded and 64

people* will need to find emergency housing while they

get their new house constructed. By the year 2071, those

numbers will have risen to 78 houses and 156 people*.

Most of these events will occur gradually over time,

but we do have to consider the possibility of a storm

knocking out several houses at once.

The numbered lots identify all the public lands that promote

seasonal tourism. As time will move forward, most of these

lands will be facing the imminent threats of sea level

rise and ultimately, have a negative impact on tourism.

Footnote:

*Based on a 2.1 average household size


Vacant lots

Non-Residential lots

26

140


16


15

28

24

14

10

3

12

18

13

25

22

4

33

Appendix

17

19

30

9

27

31

32

11

1. Au Goût du Large

2. Camping du Capitaine Homard

3. Camping Impérial

4. Sainte-Flavie Canteen

5. Cantine des Navigateurs

6. Capitaine Homard

7. Centre dʼart M.Gagnon

8. Domaine Repos du Pirate

9. Flavie-Drapeau Halt

10. La Gaspésiana

11. Gîte à la Roseraie

12. Gîte du Vieux Quai

13. Le Havre du Pêcheur

14. Jean Pierre Gagnon Gallery Inc.

15. Le Ketch

16. La suggestion sur Mer

17. Sea Pavillon

18. Maison Hél ios soins & détente

19. Lodging du Maraîcher Artisan

20. Motel Appartements le Saint-Patrick

21. Motel la Mer Veille

22. Motel Sainte-Flavie

23. Poissonnerie Chouinʼart

24. Presbytère de Sainte-Flavie

25. Ptit Bistro

26. Restaurant la Rose des Vents

27. Sainte-Flavie Catholic Church

28. Serge Desbiens Galerie

29. Vieux Moulin-Vin de miel

30. Villa Vents et Marées

31. Mont-Joli Motel

32. Municipali Center

33. Privately owned Barns

141

Illustrated Glossary

Adaptive Comfort Model (ACM)

Buoyancy Ventilation

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

142

A method of assessing the level of

comfort people feel at different

temperatures by considering how their

perceptions are influenced by variable

factors like their level of control over

the environment, their expectations

from past experiences, etc. This

consideration allows us to design for

a wider range of acceptable internal

temperatures given changing exterior

conditions.

A technique of passively ventilating

a building by using the difference

in density between interior air and

exterior air. As hot (low-density)

interior air rises and escapes from

openings at the top of the building, it

draws in exterior air from openings

below to create an updraft.

A prefabricated building product

made by gluing layers of lumber

together into panels. CLT construction

has many sustainable advantages; it

is a renewable resource, it has the

potential to store a lot of carbon, and

it can provide a high degree of thermal

insulation.

Conduction

Coupling

Damping Coefficient

The transfer of heat through a material.

The rate of conductance through a

material is represented by its ʻU-Valueʼ,

measured in Watts per m2 per second.

A higher U-Value number indicates a

higher rate of conductance.

Footnote:

1. Citations for Salʼs references

A design strategy which uses both

buoyancy ventilation and thermal

massing together to create a feedback

loop of passive cooling and heating. At

night, the thermal mass releases heat it

absorbed during the day, warming the

interior air, which then rises and vents

out from above as exterior cool air

draws in from below. During the day,

the process is inverted: the warmer

exterior air is drawn in from above,

heating the interior air which heats the

thermal mass; simultaneously, cool air

falls from above and vents out from

below.

A numeric value between 0.0 and

1.0 which refers to the amount of

interior temperature reduction

achieved relative to the peak exterior

temperature among the range of

exterior temperatures over the course

of a day. (e.g., a damping coefficient of

0.7 means that the interior temperature

achieved a 70% reduction from the

peak exterior temperature)

Appendix

Embodied Carbon

Mixed-Mode

Operational Carbon

The carbon dioxide emissions produced

in the extraction, manufacturing and

transport of building materials, as well

as the construction of the building

itself, before the building is occupied.

A building ventilation strategy

that incorporates both passive and

mechanical ventilation systems for

occasions when passive strategies are

insufficient. This hybrid approach

allows for significant savings in energy

consumption by reducing over-reliance

on air conditioning, while also allowing

for flexible adaptation to extreme heat

conditions.

The carbon dioxide emissions that

are produced while the building

is occupied, e.g. from the energy

consumption.

143

Passive

Thermal Mass

Thermal Nesting

In the context of building design,

ʻpassiveʼ strategies are any method of

ventilating, heating, cooling or lighting

a space without using electricity or

mechanical systems.

A mass of material that can effectively

absorb heat (e.g. stone, concrete).

Thermal mass can be used strategically

to offset heating and cooling loads.

A building organization strategy in

which internal heat is allowed to

transfer between different rooms and

partitions.

Section 2 - People Power:

Seasonal activities, Internal Heat Generation, and Ventilation Modes

People, light fixtures and mechanical

appliances all radiate heat into the air,

increasing the overall temperature. The

amount of heat generated by people also

increases with the number of individuals

and the physical intensity of activities

being performed. This must be taken into

consideration when designing for target

interior temperatures.

Jun 21st

8:38pm

TIME OF DAY (h)

1000W/

100W/

W m 2

W m 2

W m 2

10W/

Jun 21st

4:30am

Dec 21st

3:39pm

OFF-PEAK

PEAK HOURS

OFF-PEAK

Dec 21st

7:22am

HEAT GAINS PER PERSON

People (W/m 2 ) Lights (W/m 2 )

Appliances (W/m 2 )

144

INTENSE MODERATE SEDENTARY

Sleeping

70W

Cleaning

160W

Sitting

100W

Cooking

190W

Deskwork

120W

Light Shopwork

220W

Standing

125W

Walking

270W

INTENSE MODERATE SEDENTARY

Dancing

355W

Light Exercise

415W

Heavy Work

465W

Intense Sport

655W

Appendix

BEDROOM

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 7W/m 2 (72%)

Light: 2.7W/m 2 (28%)

Appliances: 0W/m 2 (0%)

OFFICE

Occupancy: 0.05/m 2

People: 6W/m 2 (15%)

Light: 8.1W/m 2 (21%)

Appliances: 25.3W/m 2 (64%)

CHURCH SERVICE

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 150W/m 2 (90%)

Light: 16.5W/m 2 (18%)


145

HOME KITCHEN

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 38W/m 2 (72%)

Light: 10.7W/m 2 (28%)


WEIGHT ROOM

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 46.5W/m 2 (86%)

Light: 7.8W/m 2 (14%)


LIVING ROOM

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 10W/m 2 (41%)

Light: 7.9W/m 2 (32%)


CLASSROOM

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 42W/m 2 (65%)

Light: 13.8W/m 2 (21%)


RESTAURANT (DINING)

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 70W/m 2 (88%)

Light: 9.6W/m 2 (12%)


SUPERMARKET

Occupancy: 0.1/m 2

People: 10W/m 2 (28%)

Light: 18.1W/m 2 (52%)


Section 3 - A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange

The following scenario evaluates the heat exchanges and the

influence of the U-value of different building materials on the

required envelope surface area in order to acheive proper

thermal nesting in winter for a tripple space, flow-connected,

building.

Q : 0.01 m 3 /s/person

H int

: 350 w/person

H 1

: 136 w/person

T ext

: 7 °C *

T 1

: 21 °C

T 2

: 16 °C

T 3

: 13 °C

θ 1

: 14 °C

θ 2

: 9 °C

θ 3

: 6 °C

QpC p

θ 1

QpC p

θ 2

QpC p

θ 3

UA 1

θ 1

UA p

(θ 1

-θ 2

)

UA p

(θ 2

-θ 3

)

UA 3

θ 3

172.34

110.79

73.86

14.00

47.50

28.50

30.00

146

INSULATED

CONCRETE

PANEL

= 216.34 w/person x 50 = 10 820 w

CONCRETE

PANEL

UNINSULATED

Thickness : 140mm

Thickness : 47mm

U-value : 0.25w/m 2 k


Area : 4000m 2 Area : 30m 2

INSULATED

CLT PANEL

Thickness : 140mm


Area : 4540m 2

UNINSULATED

CLT PANEL

Thickness : 87mm


Area : 580m 2

Footnote:

* Long term mean temperature in January

Rates of Heat Exchange

Appendix

87MM UNINSULATED CLT PANEL

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

580m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

145m 2

290m 2

145m 2

275.5m 2

140MM INSULATED CLT PANEL

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

4540m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

1135m 2

2270m 2

1135m 2

2156.5m 2

147

47MM UNINSULATED CONCRETE

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

30m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

7.5m 2

15m 2

7.5m 2

14.26m 2

140MM INSULATED CONCRETE PANEL

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

4000m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

1000m 2

2000m 2

1000m 2

1900m 2

Section 3 - A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange

The following scenario evaluates the heat exchanges and the

influence of the U-value of different building materials on the

required envelope surface area in order to acheive proper

thermal nesting in winter for a tripple space, flow-connected,

building.

Q : 0.01 m 3 /s/person

H int

: 350 w/person

H 1

: 136 w/person

T ext

: 7 °C *

T 1

: 21 °C

T 2

: 16 °C

T 3

: 13 °C

θ 1

: 14 °C

θ 2

: 9 °C

θ 3

: 6 °C

QpC p

θ 1

QpC p

θ 2

QpC p

θ 3

UA 1

θ 1

UA p

(θ 1

-θ 2

)

UA p

(θ 2

-θ 3

)

UA 3

θ 3

172.34

110.79

73.86

14.00

47.50

28.50

30.00

148

SINGLE

GLASS PANE

= 216.34 w/person x 50 = 10 820 w

GLASS PANE

DOUBLE

Thickness : __mm


Area : 170m 2

BRICK

WALL

WALL

STRAW BALE

Thickness : 92mm

Thickness : 460mm

Thickness : __mm




Area : 830m 2 Area : 160m 2

Area : 7 690m 2

Footnote:

* Long term mean temperature in January

Rates of Heat Exchange

Appendix

92MM BRICK WALL

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

160m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

40m 2

80m 2

40m 2

76m 2

DOUBLE GLASS PANE

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

830m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

207.5m 2

415m 2

207.5m 2

394.25m 2

149

SINGLE GLASS PANE

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

170m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

42.5m 2

85m 2

42.5m 2

80.75m 2

STRAW BALE

UA : 20

Occupant load : 50

7 690m 2

UA 1

: 5

UA 2

: 10

UA 3

: 5

UA p

: 9.5

1990m 2

3980m 2

1990m 2

3780m 2


Calculation Table

150

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 1

Area

Room name

Nesting Degree Floor Area Ceiling Area Perimeter Wall Area Total Area Room

(m2) (m2) (m) (m2) (m2) (w

1 Storage T0 565 588 98 441 1594

2 Workshop T3 440 458 86 387 1285

3 Storage T2 25 25 20 90 140

4 Mechanical T2 24 24 20 90 138

5 Toilet T2 3 3 6 27 33

6 Vestibule T2 3 3 6 27 33

7 Changing room T2 3 3 6 27 33

8 Entrance T2 18 18 18 81 117

9 Garbage room T2 27 27 21 95 149

10 Laboratory T1 70 70 34 153 293

11 Sunroom T2 212 212 65 293 717

12 Open office T1 74 74 35 158 306

13 Storage T1 38 38 25 113 189

14 Toilet T2 2 2 6 27 31

15 Toilet T2 2 2 6 27 31

16 Janitor closet

T2 2 2 6 27 31

17 Open space T3 453 471 86 387 1311

18 Toilet T2 8 8 11 50 66

19 Toilet T2 4 4 4 18 26

20 Toilet T2 4 4 4 18 26

21 Laundry T2 5 5 9 41 51

22 Mechanical T2 5 5 9 41 51

23 Entrance T2 11 11 14 63 85

24 Office T2 5 5 9 41 51

25 Multipurpose space T2 180 180 112 504 864

26 Shared kitchen and dinning

T1 89 89 43 194 372

27 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

28 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

29 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

30 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

31 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

32 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

33 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

34 Bedroom T1 12 12 14 63 87

Research

Acco.

m3/s/p 0.01

kg/m3 1.225

kj/kg/c 1.005

p h A

(m) (m) (m2)

T3 67 4.5 302

T2 36 4.5 162

T1 24 4.5 108

P 72 4.5 324

T3 48 4.5 216

T2 54 4.5 243

T1 14 4.5 63

P 97 4.5 437

Parameters

Research

Acco.


(watts)

A

(w/m2k) (m2) (°C ) H mech. + H int. =

T3 0.61 302 2 T3 -9403

11000 123

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0

6000 517

T1 0.61 108 13 T1 0

8596 777

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 2 T3 -5302

6795 123

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0

5487 442

T1 0.61 63 16 T1 0

10462 985

P 0.13 437

Appendix

People Heat Gain

Appliance Heat Gain

Ppl. Activity Max Occupancy Density Power Density People Power App. Power Density App. Power

Overall Heat Gain

/person) (max people/m2) (w/m2) (w) (w/m2) (w) (w)

160 0.10 16 9040 0 0 9040

200 0.10 20 8800 5 2200 11000

160 0.10 16 400 0 0 400

220 0.13 28 660 25 600 1260

150 0.33 50 150 0 0 150

270 0.10 27 81 0 0 81

270 0.10 27 81 0 0 81

270 0.10 27 486 0 0 486

160 0.10 16 432 0 0 432

120 0.25 30 2100 45 3150 5250

120 0.05 6 1272 6.5 1378 2650

120 0.10 12 888 25 1850 2738

160 0.10 16 608 0 0 608

150 0.50 75 150 0 0 150

150 0.50 75 150 0 0 150

160 0.50 80 160 0 0 160

150 0.10 15 6795 0 0 6795

150 0.13 19 150 0 0 150

150 0.25 38 150 0 0 150

150 0.25 38 150 0 0 150

160 0.20 32 160 0 0 160

220 0.20 44 220 25 125 345

270 0.10 27 297 0 0 297

120 0.40 48 240 25 125 365

150 0.10 15 2700 6.5 1170 3870

150 0.20 30 2670 80 7120 9790

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10

7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

70 0.10 7 84 0 0 84

151

71 Parameters


+ A

1 365

4 825

0 826

1 262

8 1059

1 611

Research

Acco.

(Watts)

A


T3 0.61 302 9 T3 -3816

11000 5540 1644

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0

6000 5174 825

T1 0.61 108 -1 T1 -9277

8596 -616 -65

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 9 T3 0

6795 5603 1192

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0

5487 4428 1059

T1 0.61 63 -1 T1 -11116

10462 -616 -38

P 0.13 437


Temperature Cascade

WINTER 2071

7 °C 10 °C

SUMMER 2071

152

Ext. 36 °C

Research

Acco.

m3/s/p 0.01

kg/m3 1.225

kj/kg/c 1.005

p h A

(m) (m) (m2)

T3 67 4.5 302

T2 36 4.5 162

T1 24 4.5 108

P 72 4.5 324

T3 48 4.5 216

T2 54 4.5 243

T1 14 4.5 63

P 97 4.5 437

Parameters


(Watts)

A

(w/m2k) (m2) (°C ) H mech. + H int. =

T3 0.61 302 2 T3 -9403

11000 123

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0

6000 517

T1 0.61 108 13 T1 0

8596 777

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 2 T3 -5302

6795 123

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0

5487 442

T1 0.61 63 16 T1 0

10462 985

P 0.13 437

Research

Acco.

Appendix

15 °C

153

35 °C

71 Parameters


+ A

1 365

4 825

0 826

1 262

8 1059

1 611

Research

Acco.

(Watts)

A


T3 0.61 302 9 T3 -3816

11000 5540 1644

T2 0.61 162 8 T2 0

6000 5174 825

T1 0.61 108 -1 T1 -9277

8596 -616 -65

P 0.13 324

T3 0.61 216 9 T3 0

6795 5603 1192

T2 0.61 243 7 T2 0

5487 4428 1059

T1 0.61 63 -1 T1 -11116

10462 -616 -38

P 0.13 437

Relative Stubble Yield Response (Standardized)

Relative yield response (% of 2010 - 2015 average) of Manitoba crops sown on large fields (> 120

acres) of various previous crops (stubble) in rotation - standardized to Red Spring Wheat

PREVIOUS CROP

RED SPRING WHEAT

WINTER WHEAT

OATS

BARLEY

CANOLA

RED SPRING WHEAT

100

100

100

100

100

WINTER WHEAT

88

98

99

109

96

OATS

109

102

79

81

94

BARLEY

106

108

92

88

99

CANOLA

118

124

103

107

85

FLAX

113

124

99

110

101

PEAS

119

97

114

107

102

SOY BEANS

127

111

111

112

102

NAVY BEANS

139

NSD

118

119

117

SUN FLOWERS

120

NSD

105

108

89

154

CORN

115

79

114

100

110

POTATOES

104

84

90

111

115

NSD - Not suficient date

Crop on crop

Selected data for complex rotation

References

“MMPP - Crop Rotations And Yield Information”. 2021. Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation.

https://www.masc.mb.ca/masc.nsf/mmpp_crop_rotations.html.

Appendix

155

POTATOES

100

73

85

105

106

NSD

NSD

60

78

NSD

104

66

FLAX

100

90

88

100

83

76

138

100

NSD

97

NSD

NSD

CORN

100

98

101

94

101

101

97

105

113

97

91

93

SUN FLOWERS

100

85

103

98

74

70

NSD

100

NSD

NSD

117

NSD

NAVY BEANS

100

78

73

64

93

NSD

NSD

NSD

74

NSD

58

97

SOY BEANS

100

103

99

99

98

96

67

92

105

92

100

100

PEAS

100

108

91

90

93

87

NSD

93

NSD

NSD

NSD

NSD

CROP PLANTED

74

92

NSD

76

66

91

NSD

Agricultural Machinery

Required machinery for planting and harvesting various crops

Combine

The combine, short for combine harvester, is an essential and complex machine

designed for efficient harvesting of mass quantities of grain. Modern combines

can cut a swath through a field more than 40 feet wide. The name comes

from combining three essential harvest functions – reaping, threshing and

winnowing Moore built a full-scale version with a length of 5.2 m (17 ft) and a

cut width of 4.57 m

Tractor

There are a bit more variety in the wi

can vary anywhere from 5.8 feet in w

6.2 feet (74.4 inches) is the average w

is a list of 18 different tractor makes a

point.

156

Straw Harvester

This machine makes bales and transports them to the bund as shown in

the photos below. Although it has a higher capacity than the roller baler, its

collection capacity is lower because it moves on rubber chain wheels that allows

it to be used on wet fields. Moore built a full-scale version with a length of 5.2 m

(17 ft) and a cut width of 4.57 m

Strawbale

A standard size bale should be 14 inc

and between 36 to 40 inches long. T

construction that we design for our h

to accommodate this size of bales. De

bale should be 7 lbs

Appendix

Grain Drill

dths of a utility tractor. They

idth to 6.9 feet and more. But

idth of a utility tractor. Below

nd models that illustrate this

The grain drill (or drill) is used to plant (or we call it seed) wheat and

soybeans. The planter is used to plant corn and sunflowers. 15 ft x

17ft

157

Planter

hes high, 18 inches wide

he modified post and beam

ouses and buildings are design

nsity. The weight of an average

A planter is a farm implement that is usually towed behind a tractor.

It is found on farms that grow grain and forage-type crops. Its

function is to sow seeds of proper row width into soil for creating

evenly spaced crop rows and metered seed gaps. 13320 mm 524.4 in.

158

References

159

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162

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