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Neural Network Foundationswith TensorFlow 2.0In this chapter we learn the basics of TensorFlow, an open source library developedby Google for machine learning and deep learning. In addition, we introduce thebasics of neural networks and deep learning, two areas of machine learning thathave had incredible Cambrian growth during the last few years. The idea behindthis chapter is to give you all the tools needed to do basic but fully hands-on deeplearning.What is TensorFlow (TF)?TensorFlow is a powerful open source software library developed by the GoogleBrain team for deep neural networks, the topic covered in this book. It was firstmade available under the Apache 2.0 License in November 2015 and has sincegrown rapidly; as of May 2019, its GitHub repository (https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow) has more than 51,000 commits, with roughly 1,830contributors. This in itself provides a measure of the popularity of TensorFlow.Let us first learn what exactly TensorFlow is and why it is so popular amongdeep neural network researchers and engineers. Google calls it "an open sourcesoftware library for machine intelligence," but since there are so many other deeplearning libraries like PyTorch (https://pytorch.org/), Caffe (https://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/), and MxNet (https://mxnet.apache.org/), what makesTensorFlow special? Most other deep learning libraries – like TensorFlow – haveauto-differentiation (a useful mathematical tool used for optimization), manyare open source platforms, most of them support the CPU/GPU option, havepretrained models, and support commonly used NN architectures like recurrentneural networks, convolutional neural networks, and deep belief networks.[ 1 ]
Neural Network Foundations with TensorFlow 2.0So, what else is there in TensorFlow? Let me list the top features:• It works with all popular languages such as Python, C++, Java, R, and Go.• Keras – a high-level neural network API that has been integrated withTensorFlow (in 2.0, Keras became the standard API for interacting withTensorFlow). This API specifies how software components should interact.• TensorFlow allows model deployment and ease of use in production.• Support for eager computation (see Chapter 2, TensorFlow 1.x and 2.x) hasbeen introduced in TensorFlow 2.0, in addition to graph computation basedon static graphs.• Most importantly, TensorFlow has very good community support.The number of stars on GitHub (see Figure 1) is a measure of popularity for allopen source projects. As of March 2019, TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch have123,000, 39,000, and 25,000 stars respectively, which makes TensorFlow the mostpopular framework for machine learning:Figure 1: Number of stars for various deep learning projects on GitHubGoogle Trends is another measure of popularity, and again TensorFlow andKeras are the two top frameworks (late 2019), with PyTorch rapidly catching up(see Figure 2).[ 2 ]
Page 2 and 3: Deep Learning withTensorFlow 2 and
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Page 10 and 11: Table of ContentsPrefacexiChapter 1
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Page 18 and 19: Table of ContentsPretrained models
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TensorFlow 1.x and 2.xThe intent of
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An example to start withWe'll consi
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Chapter 23. Placeholders: Placehold
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• To create random values from a
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To know the value, we need to creat
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Chapter 2Both PyTorch and TensorFlo
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Chapter 2state = [tf.zeros([100, 10
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Chapter 2For now, there's no need t
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Chapter 2Let's see an example of a
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Chapter 2If you want to save a mode
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Chapter 2supervised=True)train_data
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Chapter 2There, tf.feature_column.n
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Chapter 2print (dz_dx)print (dy_dx)
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Chapter 2In our toy example we use
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Chapter 2For multi-machine training
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Chapter 25. Use tf.layers modules t
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Chapter 2Keras or tf.keras?Another
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• tf.data can be used to load mod
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RegressionLet us imagine a simpler
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RegressionTake a look at the last t
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Regression3. Now, we calculate the
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RegressionIn the next section we wi
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Regression2. Now, we define the fea
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Regression2. Download the dataset:(
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RegressionThe following is the Tens
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RegressionIn regression the aim is
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RegressionThe Estimator outputs the
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RegressionThe following is the grap
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RegressionReferencesHere are some g
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Convolutional Neural NetworksIn thi
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Convolutional Neural NetworksIn thi
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Convolutional Neural NetworksIn oth
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Convolutional Neural NetworksThen w
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Convolutional Neural NetworksHoweve
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Convolutional Neural NetworksPlotti
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Convolutional Neural NetworksIn gen
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Convolutional Neural NetworksOur ne
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Convolutional Neural NetworksThese
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Convolutional Neural NetworksSo, we
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Convolutional Neural NetworksEach i
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Convolutional Neural NetworksVery d
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Convolutional Neural NetworksRecogn
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Convolutional Neural NetworksIf we
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Convolutional Neural NetworksRefere
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Advanced Convolutional Neural Netwo
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GenerativeAdversarial NetworksIn th
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[ 193 ]Chapter 6Eventually, we reac
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[ 195 ]Chapter 6Next, we combine th
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Chapter 6And handwritten digits gen
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Chapter 6Figure 1: Visualizing the
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Chapter 6The resultant generator mo
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Chapter 6Figure 4: A summary of res
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Chapter 6def train(self, epochs, ba
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Chapter 6The preceding images were
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Chapter 6Another interesting paper
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Chapter 6To elaborate, let us say t
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Chapter 6Figure 7: The architecture
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Chapter 6Figure 11: Illegible initi
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Chapter 6Bedrooms: Generated bedroo
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Chapter 6The images need to be norm
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Chapter 6initializer = tf.random_no
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Cool, right? Now we can define the
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Chapter 6d_loss = (dA_loss + dB_los
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Chapter 6generator_AB.save_weights(
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6. Ledig, Christian, et al. Photo-R
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Word EmbeddingsDeep learning models
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Word EmbeddingsFor example, "crucia
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Word EmbeddingsAssuming a window si
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Word EmbeddingsGloVeThe Global vect
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Word Embeddingsgensim is an open so
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Word Embeddingsgensim also provides
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Word EmbeddingsSpecifically, we wil
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Word EmbeddingsWe will also convert
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Word EmbeddingsE = np.zeros((vocab_
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Word Embeddingsx = self.embedding(x
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Word EmbeddingsThe change in valida
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Word EmbeddingsThe dataset is a 114
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Word Embeddingsprint("random walks
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Word Embeddingssize=128, # size of
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Word EmbeddingsfastText computes em
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Word EmbeddingsIn the future, once
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Word EmbeddingsA much earlier relat
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Word EmbeddingsOnce you have the fi
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Word EmbeddingsThis will create the
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Word EmbeddingsClassifying with BER
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Word Embeddings2. Each Transformer
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Word EmbeddingsOnce trained, we sav
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Word Embeddings4. Pennington, J., S
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Word Embeddings34. Google Research,
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Recurrent Neural NetworksWe will th
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Recurrent Neural NetworksFor notati
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Recurrent Neural NetworksThis probl
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Recurrent Neural NetworksThe line a
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Recurrent Neural NetworksGated recu
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Recurrent Neural NetworksThis probl
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Recurrent Neural NetworksThe topolo
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Recurrent Neural Networkstexts = do
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Recurrent Neural Networksdef call(s
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Recurrent Neural Networks# callback
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Recurrent Neural NetworksExample
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Recurrent Neural NetworksAs can be
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Recurrent Neural Networksdata_dir =
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Recurrent Neural NetworksWe can als
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Recurrent Neural NetworksIn order t
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Recurrent Neural Networkssource_voc
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Recurrent Neural NetworksFinally, w
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Recurrent Neural Networks38 - val_l
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Recurrent Neural NetworksIf you wou
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Recurrent Neural NetworksExample
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Recurrent Neural NetworksNext we ha
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Recurrent Neural Networksself.embed
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Recurrent Neural NetworksThis is a
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Recurrent Neural Networksreturn np.
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Recurrent Neural NetworksAttention
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Recurrent Neural NetworksFinally, V
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Recurrent Neural Networks# query.sh
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Recurrent Neural Networksself.atten
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Recurrent Neural Networks30 try to
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Recurrent Neural Networks3. Because
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Recurrent Neural NetworksSummaryIn
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Recurrent Neural Networks18. Shi, X
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AutoencodersAutoencoders are feed-f
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Depending upon the actual dimension
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• __init__(): Here, you define al
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Chapter 9And then we reshape the te
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Chapter 9plt.imshow(x_test[index].r
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Chapter 9Keeping the rest of the co
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noise = np.random.normal(loc=0.5, s
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Chapter 9x_train,validation_data=(x
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Chapter 9import matplotlib.pyplot a
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Chapter 9self.conv4 = Conv2D(1, 3,
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Chapter 9You can see that the image
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[ 367 ]Chapter 9Let us use the prec
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Chapter 9Our autoencoder model take
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We train the autoencoder for 20 epo
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Chapter 90.97905576229095460.989323
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Unsupervised LearningThis chapter d
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Chapter 10Next we load the MNIST da
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Chapter 10TensorFlow Embedding APIT
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3. Recompute the centroids using cu
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Chapter 10Figure 4: Plot of the fin
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Chapter 10In SOMs, neurons are usua
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[ 387 ]Chapter 10Colour mapping usi
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Chapter 10# Calculating Neighbourho
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We will also need to normalize the
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Chapter 10ρρ(vv oo |h oo ) = σσ
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# Generate the sample probabilityde
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Chapter 10And the reconstructed ima
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Chapter 10inpX = rbm.rbm_output(inp
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Chapter 10(60000, 28, 28) (60000,)(
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Chapter 10Figure 11: Summary of the
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Chapter 10This chapter, along with
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Reinforcement LearningThis chapter
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Chapter 11And unlike unsupervised l
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Chapter 11Normally, the value is de
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Chapter 11• The next question tha
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Chapter 11This neural network takes
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Chapter 11The MuJoCo environment re
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Chapter 11We will first import the
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Chapter 11The αα is the learning
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Chapter 11We set up the global valu
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Chapter 11else:return np.argmax(sel
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Chapter 11DQN to play a game of Ata
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Chapter 11self.model.add( Conv2D(64
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Chapter 11Here the action A was sel
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Chapter 11Image source: https://arx
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Chapter 11A neural network is used
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Chapter 1111. Details regarding ins
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TensorFlow and Cloud• Scalability
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TensorFlow and Cloud• Azure DevOp
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TensorFlow and Cloud• Lambda: The
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TensorFlow and Cloud• Deep Learni
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TensorFlow and CloudEC2 on AmazonTo
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TensorFlow and CloudCompute Instanc
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TensorFlow and CloudYou just share
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TensorFlow and CloudIn case you req
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TensorFlow and CloudIt starts with
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TensorFlow and CloudTFX librariesTF
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TensorFlow and CloudReferences1. To
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TensorFlow for Mobile and IoT and T
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An introduction to AutoMLThat is pr
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An introduction to AutoMLThis Effic
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An introduction to AutoMLGoogle Clo
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An introduction to AutoMLThen, we c
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An introduction to AutoMLIf your mo
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An introduction to AutoMLClicking o
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An introduction to AutoMLFigure 16:
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An introduction to AutoMLYou can al
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An introduction to AutoMLPut simply
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An introduction to AutoMLLet's star
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An introduction to AutoMLThe token
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An introduction to AutoMLThis will
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An introduction to AutoMLAt the end
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An introduction to AutoMLUsing Clou
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The Math Behind Deep LearningSome m
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The Math Behind Deep LearningHere,
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The Math Behind Deep LearningIf we
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Tensor Processing UnitMany people b
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Tensor Processing UnitThe sequentia
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Tensor Processing UnitIf you want t
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Tensor Processing UnitOn the other
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Tensor Processing UnitHow to use TP
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Tensor Processing UnitNote that ful
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Tensor Processing UnitEpoch 10/1060
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Tensor Processing UnitFigure 11: Go
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Tensor Processing UnitThen the usag
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Other Books YouMay EnjoyIf you enjo
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Other Books You May EnjoyAI Crash C
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Other Books You May EnjoyLeave a re
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AutoML pipelinedata preparation 493
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Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(
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Google cloud consolereference link
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used, for building GAN 193-198MNIST
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regularizersreference link 38reinfo
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TensorFlow Lite 81TensorFlow Core r
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Xxception networks 160, 162YYOLO ne
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