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Table of Contents

Fine-tuning BERT 269

Classifying with BERT ‒ command line 270

Using BERT as part of your own network 271

Summary 275

References 275

Chapter 8: Recurrent Neural Networks 279

The basic RNN cell 280

Backpropagation through time (BPTT) 283

Vanishing and exploding gradients 284

RNN cell variants 285

Long short-term memory (LSTM) 285

Gated recurrent unit (GRU) 288

Peephole LSTM 288

RNN variants 289

Bidirectional RNNs 289

Stateful RNNs 290

RNN topologies 291

Example ‒ One-to-Many – learning to generate text 292

Example ‒ Many-to-One – Sentiment Analysis 300

Example ‒ Many-to-Many – POS tagging 307

Encoder-Decoder architecture – seq2seq 316

Example ‒ seq2seq without attention for machine translation 318

Attention mechanism 328

Example ‒ seq2seq with attention for machine translation 330

Transformer architecture 336

Summary340

References340

Chapter 9: Autoencoders 345

Introduction to autoencoders 345

Vanilla autoencoders 347

TensorFlow Keras layers ‒ defining custom layers 348

Reconstructing handwritten digits using an autoencoder 350

Sparse autoencoder 354

Denoising autoencoders 356

Clearing images using a Denoising autoencoder 357

Stacked autoencoder 360

Convolutional autoencoder for removing noise from images 360

Keras autoencoder example ‒ sentence vectors 365

Summary 373

References 374

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