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76 Part II: MetrologyAs industrial processes are automated, gauging must keep pace. Automated gaugingis performed in two general ways. One is in-process or on-the-machine controlby continuous gauging of the work. The second way is post-process or after-themachinegauging control. Here, parts coming off a machine are passed throughan automatic gage. A control unit responds to the gage to sort pieces by size, andadjusts or stops the machine if parts are found out of limits.InterferometryPart II.B.2Light waves of any kind are of invariable length and are the standard for ultimatemeasures of distance. Basically, all interferometers divide a light beam and sendit along two or more paths. Then the beams are recombined to show interferencein some proportion to the differences between the lengths of the paths. One of thesimplest illustrations of this phenomenon is the optical flat and a monochromaticlight source of known wavelength.The optical flat is a plane lens, usually a clear, fused quartz disk, around 51–254 mm (2–10 in.) in diameter and 13–25 mm (.5–1 in.) thick. The faces of a flatare accurately polished to nearly true planes; some have surfaces within 25 mm(.000001 in.) of true flatness.Helium is commonly used in industry as a source of monochromatic or singlewavelengthlight because of its convenience. Although helium radiates a numberof wavelengths of light, that portion that is emitted with a wavelength of 587 nm(.00002313 in.) is so much stronger than the rest that the other wavelengths arepractically unnoticeable.Principle of Operation. The principle of light-wave interference and the operationof the optical flat are illustrated in Figure 8.2a, wherein an optical flat isshown resting at a slight angle on a workpiece surface. Energy in the form of lightwaves is transmitted from a monochromatic light source to the optical flat. Whena ray of light reaches the bottom surface of the flat, it is divided into two rays. Oneray is reflected from the bottom of the flat toward the eye of the observer whilethe other continues on downward and is reflected and loses one-half wavelengthupon striking the top of the workpiece. If the rays are in phase when they reform,their energies reinforce each other, and they appear bright. If they are out ofphase, their energies cancel and they appear dark. This phenomenon producesa series of light and dark fringes or bands along the workpiece surface and thebottom of the flat, as illustrated in Figure 8.2b.The distance between the workpiece and the bottom surface of the optical flatat any point determines which effect takes place. If the distance is equivalent tosome whole number of half wavelengths of the same monochromatic light, thereflected rays will be out of phase, thus producing dark bands. This conditionexists at positions X and Z of Figure 8.2a. If the distance is equivalent to some oddnumber of quarter wavelengths of the light, the reflected rays will be in phase witheach other and produce light bands. The light bands would be centered betweenthe dark bands. Thus a light band would appear at position Y in Figure 8.2a.Since each dark band indicates a change of one-half wavelength in the distanceseparating the work surface and flat, measurements are made very simplyby counting the number of these bands and multiplying that number by one-halfthe wavelength of the light source.
Chapter 8: B. Special Gages and Applications 77DarkbandObserverDarkbandMonochromaticlightWorkpiece or mirrorz y xOpticalflatPart II.B.21 wavelength.5 wavelength(a)PhotodetectorsLaserStationaryreflectorRR + MR + MRBeamsplintersMFixedbaseM63.5 mm(2.50 in.)12.7 mm(.50 in.)Light beamCOptical flatBASteelball19.05 mm(.750 in.)Toolmaker’s flatGageblock(b)Moving reflector(c)Figure 8.2 (a) Light-wave interference with an optical flat, (b) application of an optical flat,(c) diagram of an interferometer.Reprinted with permission of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Manufacturing Processes andMaterials, 4th edition, copyright 2000.
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The Certified QualityInspector Hand
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PrefaceThe quality inspector is the
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Glossary of Inspection Terms 421min
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Table of ContentsList of Figures an
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Table of Contents xi5. Normal Distr
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Part I.AChapter 1A. Basic Shop Math
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4 Part I: Technical MathematicsEqui
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Part IIIInspection and TestChapter
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Chapter 14: A. Geometric Dimensioni
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Chapter 15: B. Sampling 151units pr
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Chapter 15: B. Sampling 153Acceptan
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Chapter 15: B. Sampling 155TYPES OF
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Chapter 15: B. Sampling 157• Prec
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Chapter 15: B. Sampling 159Section
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Chapter 18A. Basic Statistics and A
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202 Part IV: Quality AssuranceEXAMP
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204 Part IV: Quality AssuranceFinal
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206 Part IV: Quality AssuranceMean
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208 Part IV: Quality AssuranceVaria
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210 Part IV: Quality Assurance98.7%
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Chapter 21D. Quality Tools and Tech
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Chapter 22E. Resources1. ENVIRONMEN
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About the Authors 425preparation co
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xivList of Figures and TablesTable
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xviList of Figures and TablesFigure
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xviii List of Figures and TablesFig
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412 ReferencesChapter 7Bosch, J. A.
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414 ReferencesSimpson, J. A. 1981.
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416 ReferencesDeming, W. E. 1986. O
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418 ReferencesChapter 19Deleryd, M.
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How to Use This BookTo assist reade
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2 Test Questions5. Solve the follow
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4 Test Questions14. The figure belo
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6 Test Questions23. The volume of a
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8 Test Questions35. The vernier cal
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10 Test Questions48. Which of the f
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12 Test Questions62. What number in
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14 Test Questions73. The process ca
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16 Test Questions85. A manufacturer
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18 Test Questions95. Which of the f
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20 Test Questions108. The quality t
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22 Test Questions121. Which of the
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24 Test Questions133. In an FMEA, w
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26 Test Questions144. Accessing inf
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Test Answer Key1. B28. C55. B82. C2
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INDEXIndex TermsLinksAacceptance nu
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Index TermsLinksCc chart 284-88cali
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Index TermsLinksDdata set, skew of
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Index TermsLinksfinal inspection 16
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Index TermsLinkshierarchical design
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Index TermsLinkslaw of sines 33-34l
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Index TermsLinksmicrometer caliper
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Index TermsLinksoutput, action on 2
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Index TermsLinksQQS-9000 standards
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Index TermsLinkssampling 150-61adva
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Index TermsLinkssurface finishgages
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Index TermsLinksvariance 208variati
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Appendix AQuality Inspector Certifi
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334 Part V: Appendices2. Measuring
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336 Part V: Appendices5. Verificati
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338 Part V: AppendicesComprehension
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340 Part V: AppendicesFigure B.1 Th
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342 Part V: AppendicesSaving a Mini
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344 Part V: AppendicesEXAMPLE B.2Us
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346 Part V: Appendicesthe option Si
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366 Part V: AppendicesContinued7. I
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368 Part V: AppendicesUnits of Leng
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370 Part V: AppendicesUnits of Volu
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372 Part V: Appendices3. NOTES ON B
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374 Part V: AppendicesUnits Square
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376 Part V: AppendicesUnits of Capa
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378 Part V: AppendicesApothecaries
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380 Part V: AppendicesUnits of Area
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382 Part V: Appendices1 gallon (gal
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384 Part V: Appendices1 ton, gross
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386 Part V: AppendicesContinuedz.00
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388 Part V: AppendicesContinuedn D
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Appendix HSample Tables ofANSI/ASQ
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Lot or Batch SizeS-1Special Inspect
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Sample SizeCode LetterABCDEFGHJKLMN
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398 Part V: AppendicesSample SizeCo
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