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74 Part II: MetrologyCoreCoreOutputCoilsLeadsStylusACinputStylus(a)(b)Strain gagesGapPart II.B.1Stylus(c)Stylus(d)DigitalmeterDigitalmeterGage headACsourceAmplifierStylusStandGagehead(e)(f)Figure 8.1 Elements of electronic gages.Reprinted with permission of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Manufacturing Processes andMaterials, 4th edition, copyright 2000.1. They are very sensitive (they commonly read to a few micrometers)2. Output can be amplified as much has desired; a high-quality gageis quite stable3. They can be used as an absolute measuring device for thin pieces upto the range of the instrumentThe amount of amplification can be switched easily, and three or four ranges forone instrument are common. Two or more heads may be connected to one amplifierto obtain sums or differences of dimensions, such as for checking thickness,parallelism, and so on.
Chapter 8: B. Special Gages and Applications 75OscilloscopesAn oscilloscope is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signals of voltageto be displayed as a two-dimensional graph with voltage on the vertical axisplotted as a function of time along the horizontal axis.A typical oscilloscope is box-shaped with a visual screen, attached connectors,and control knobs and buttons on the front panel. A grid is normally drawnon the screen. Each square in the grid is known as a division.One of the most common uses of the oscilloscope is to troubleshoot electronicequipment by graphically displaying signals that indicate failure or malfunction.Software engineers also use the oscilloscope to test software. This is probablythe only way to see if the software is running the electronics properly.MultimetersA multimeter is an electronic gage that combines more than one function in a singleunit. Multimeters use either analog or digital displays. Common uses for multimetersare fault discovery, fieldwork of electronics or telecommunications technicians,or as a basic workshop instrument. Standard measurements taken using amultimeter include voltage, current, and resistance.Part II.B.2PyrometersA pyrometer is a noncontact measuring instrument that gauges an object’s temperatureby measuring its self-emission and emissivity.Emissivity is displayed as a numerical value and does not have units. It measuresthe object’s ability to emit electromagnetic radiation. The value of emissivityranges from zero to 1, where the emissivity of a perfect emitter, also knownas a black body, is 1. Theoretically, an object that does not emit radiation has zeroemissivity.Pyrometers are used in a variety of applications. In medicine they are usedto monitor human body temperature. Other industrial applications include sheetmetal manufacturing and semiconductor manufacturing.2. AUTOMATIC GAGINGIdentify and describe basic components ofautomatic gaging, such as machine vision,ultrasonic, X-ray, laser, etc. (Comprehension)Note: The use of these components iscovered under 3D1.Body of Knowledge II.B.2
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74 Part II: Metrology
Core
Core
Output
Coils
Leads
Stylus
AC
input
Stylus
(a)
(b)
Strain gages
Gap
Part II.B.1
Stylus
(c)
Stylus
(d)
Digital
meter
Digital
meter
Gage head
AC
source
Amplifier
Stylus
Stand
Gage
head
(e)
(f)
Figure 8.1 Elements of electronic gages.
Reprinted with permission of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Manufacturing Processes and
Materials, 4th edition, copyright 2000.
1. They are very sensitive (they commonly read to a few micrometers)
2. Output can be amplified as much has desired; a high-quality gage
is quite stable
3. They can be used as an absolute measuring device for thin pieces up
to the range of the instrument
The amount of amplification can be switched easily, and three or four ranges for
one instrument are common. Two or more heads may be connected to one amplifier
to obtain sums or differences of dimensions, such as for checking thickness,
parallelism, and so on.
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