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xviii List of Figures and TablesFigure 19.1 Flowchart of a process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Table 19.1Check sheet summarizing the data of a study over a period offour weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Figure 19.2 An initial form of a cause-and-effect diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Figure 19.3 A completed cause-and-effect diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Figure 19.4 A damaged item shaped as a rectangular prism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Table 19.2 Percentage of nonconforming units in 30 different shifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Figure 19.5 Run chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Figure 19.6 A pictorial representation of the components of a control chart. . . . . . . . . . 253Figure 19.7 OC curves for the X – chart with three-sigma limits, for differentsample sizes n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Table 19.3 Diameter measurements (mm) of ball bearings used in the wheels ofheavy construction equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Figure 19.8 X – and R control chart for the ball bearing data in Table 19.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Figure 19.9 The X – and S control chart for the ball bearing data in Table 19.3. . . . . . . . . 273Table 19.4 Control charts for attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Table 19.5 Number of nonconforming computer chips out of 1000 inspectedeach day during the study period of 30 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Figure 19.10 p chart for nonconforming computer chips, using trial control limitsfor the data in Table 19.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Table 19.6 Number of nonconforming computer chips with different sizesamples inspected each day during the study period of 30 days. . . . . . . . . 282Figure 19.11 p chart for nonconforming chips with variable sample sizes, usingtrial control limits for the data in Table 19.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Figure 19.12 np chart for nonconforming computer chips, using trial control limitsfor the data in Table 19.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Table 19.7 Total number of nonconformities in samples of five rolls of paper. . . . . . . . 287Figure 19.13 c control chart of nonconformities for the data in Table 19.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Table 19.8 Number of nonconformities on printed boards for laptops persample; each sample consists of five inspection units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Figure 19.14 u chart of nonconformities for the data in Table 19.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Table 19.9 Number of nonconformities on printed boards for laptops per sample,with varying sample size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Figure 19.15 u chart of nonconformities for the data in Table 19.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Table 19.10 Data showing the lengths of tie rods for cars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Table 19.11 Different processes with the same value of C pk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Table 19.12 Parts per million of nonconforming units for different values of C pk . . . . . . 301Table 20.1 Audit types and scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Figure 21.1 Plan–do–check–act cycle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
ReferencesChapter 1Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.Chapter 2Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Rich, B., and P. Schmidt. 2004. Schaum’s Outline of Elementary Algebra. 3rd ed. New York:McGraw-Hill.Moyer, R., and M. R. Spiegel. 2005. Schaum’s Outline of College Algebra. 3rd ed. New York:McGraw-Hill.Chapter 3Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.Chapter 4Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.Chapter 5Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.Chapter 6Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.411
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References
Chapter 1
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Chapter 2
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Rich, B., and P. Schmidt. 2004. Schaum’s Outline of Elementary Algebra. 3rd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Moyer, R., and M. R. Spiegel. 2005. Schaum’s Outline of College Algebra. 3rd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Chapter 3
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Chapter 4
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Chapter 5
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Chapter 6
Achatz, T. 2006. Technical Shop Mathematics. 3rd ed. New York: Industrial Press.
Griffith, G. 1986. Quality Technician’s Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horton, H. L. 1999. Mathematics at Work. 4th ed. New York: Industrial Press.
411
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