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xvi
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 15.5 Decision areas for a sequential sampling plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Figure 16.1 Inspection decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Figure 16.2 An example of a flowchart of a repair job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Figure 16.3 Factors affecting the measuring process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Table 16.1 Standards pertaining to material review board operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Figure 17.1 Visual inspection ensures consistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 17.2 Inspection using X-ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Figure 17.3 Example of an inspection using X-ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Figure 17.4 Eddy-current method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Figure 17.5 The general inspection principle for ultrasonic testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Figure 17.6 Magnetic particle inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Figure 17.7 Liquid penetrant testing steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Figure 17.8 Tensile test for a furnace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Figure 17.9 Free-bend test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Figure 17.10 Crash testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Figure 17.11 Tension test machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Figure 17.12 The torque can be calculated by multiplying the force applied to a
lever by its distance from the lever’s fulcrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Figure 17.13 Compression test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Figure 17.14 Brinell hardness test method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Figure 17.15 Rockwell hardness test method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Figure 17.16 The Vickers hardness test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Part IV
Figure 18.1
Figure 18.2
Frequency distributions showing the shape and location of measures
of centrality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Two frequency distribution curves with equal mean, median, and
mode values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 18.3 Application of the empirical rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Figure 18.4 Amount of soft drink contained in a bottle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Figure 18.5 Dollar value of units of bad production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Figure 18.6 Salary data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Figure 18.7 Quartiles and percentiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Table 18.1 Annual revenues of 110 small to mid-size companies located in the
Midwestern region of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Table 18.2 Complete frequency distribution table for the 110 small to mid-size
companies located in the Midwestern region of the United States. . . . . . . . 216
Table 18.3 Complete frequency distribution table for the data in Example 18.16. . . . . 217
Table 18.4 Frequency table for the data on rod lengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Figure 18.8 Dot plot for the data on defective motors that are received in 20
different shipments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Table 18.5 Understanding defect rates as a function of various process steps. . . . . . . . 221
Figure 18.9 Pie chart for defects associated with manufacturing process steps. . . . . . . 221