vdoc
xivList of Figures and TablesTable 5.11 Converting liquid measures—metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 5.12 Converting measures of length—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 5.13 Converting measures of area—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 5.14 Converting measures of volume—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 5.15 Converting measures of weight and mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 5.16 Converting measures of liquid—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 5.17 Converting temperatures—Celsius to Fahrenheit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 5.18 Converting temperatures—Fahrenheit to Celsius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 5.19 Converting temperatures—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 6.1 Powers of 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 6.2 Common fractions and their decimal equivalents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Part IIFigure 7.1 Fine-adjustment style vernier caliper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Figure 7.2 LCD digital-reading caliper with 0–152 mm (0–6 in.) range. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 7.3 Digital-reading, single-axis height gage for two-dimensionalmeasurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 7.4 A 0–25 mm micrometer caliper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Figure 7.5 Micrometer reading of 10.66 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Figure 7.6 Scales of a vernier micrometer showing a reading of 10.666 mm. . . . . . . . . 63Figure 7.7 A digital micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Figure 7.8 An indicating micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Figure 7.9 A schematic showing the process of wringing gage blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Figure 7.10 Examples of typical gages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Figure 8.1 Elements of electronic gages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Figure 8.2 (a) Light-wave interference with an optical flat, (b) application ofan optical flat, (c) diagram of an interferometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Figure 8.3 Diagram of air gage principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Table 8.1 Summary of commonly used gages and their applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Figure 10.1 Granite surface plate for checking the flatness of a part, with adial indicator and leveling screws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Figure 10.2 Simple dial indicator mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Figure 10.3 An application of dial indicators for inspecting flatness by placingthe workpiece on gage blocks and checking full indicatormovement (FIM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Figure 10.4 Application of a sine bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 10.5 Addition and subtraction of angle blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figure 11.1 (a) Typical surface highly magnified, (b) profile of surface roughness,(c) surface quality specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Figure 11.2 (a) Skid-type or average surface finish measuring gage, (b) skidlessor profiling gage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Figure 11.3 Optical tooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Figure 11.4 Optical comparator system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
List of Figures and Tables xvFigure 11.5Horizontal optical comparator with a 356 mm (14 in.) viewing screen,digital readout, and edge-sensing device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Figure 11.6 Coordinate measuring machine classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Figure 12.1 The calibration system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Figure 12.2 Calibration standards hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Figure 13.1 Components of total variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Figure 13.2 (a) Accurate and precise, (b) accurate but not precise, (c) not accuratebut precise, (d) neither accurate nor precise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Figure 13.3 Diagram showing the linear relationship between the actual and theobserved values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Table 13.1 Data on an experiment involving three operators, 10 bolts, and threemeasurements (in mm) on each bolt by each operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Figure 13.4 Two-way ANOVA table with interaction (Minitab printout). . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Figure 13.5 Two-way ANOVA table without interaction (Minitab printout). . . . . . . . . . 130Figure 13.6 Gage R&R (Minitab printout). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Figure 13.7 An example of Minitab printout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Figure 13.8 Percent contribution of variance components for the data inExample 13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Figure 13.9 X – and R for the data in Example 13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Figure 13.10 Interaction between operators and parts for the data in Example 13.1. . . . . 134Figure 13.11 Scatter plot for measurements versus operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Figure 13.12 Scatter plot for measurements versus parts (bolts). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Part IIIFigure 14.1 Blueprint for a house floor plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Figure 14.2 The placement of the title block and notes on engineeringdrawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Figure 14.3 Example of title and notes blocks on an engineering drawing. . . . . . . . . . . 141Figure 14.4 Example of a revision block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Figure 14.5 Example of technical engineering drawing with indication ofgeometric tolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Figure 14.6 Visual representation of the control frame of a hole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Figure 14.7 Features that can be specified by geometric tolerancing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Figure 14.8 Simple 2-D example of position tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Figure 14.9 Top, front, and right side views of an item. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Figure 14.10 Engineering drawing line types and style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Table 14.1 Other feature control symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Figure 14.11 Example of symbols on an engineering drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Figure 14.12 Form tolerance example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Figure 15.1 An operating characteristic (OC) curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Figure 15.2 Average outgoing quality curve for: N = , n = 50, c = 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Figure 15.3 Switching rules for normal, tightened, and reduced inspection. . . . . . . . . . 157Figure 15.4 Structure and organization of ANSI/ASQ Z1.9-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
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- Page 340 and 341: About the Authors 425preparation co
- Page 344 and 345: xviList of Figures and TablesFigure
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- Page 348 and 349: 412 ReferencesChapter 7Bosch, J. A.
- Page 350 and 351: 414 ReferencesSimpson, J. A. 1981.
- Page 352 and 353: 416 ReferencesDeming, W. E. 1986. O
- Page 354 and 355: 418 ReferencesChapter 19Deleryd, M.
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xiv
List of Figures and Tables
Table 5.11 Converting liquid measures—metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Table 5.12 Converting measures of length—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 5.13 Converting measures of area—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 5.14 Converting measures of volume—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 5.15 Converting measures of weight and mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 5.16 Converting measures of liquid—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 5.17 Converting temperatures—Celsius to Fahrenheit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 5.18 Converting temperatures—Fahrenheit to Celsius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 5.19 Converting temperatures—English and metric units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 6.1 Powers of 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 6.2 Common fractions and their decimal equivalents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Part II
Figure 7.1 Fine-adjustment style vernier caliper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 7.2 LCD digital-reading caliper with 0–152 mm (0–6 in.) range. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 7.3 Digital-reading, single-axis height gage for two-dimensional
measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 7.4 A 0–25 mm micrometer caliper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 7.5 Micrometer reading of 10.66 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 7.6 Scales of a vernier micrometer showing a reading of 10.666 mm. . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 7.7 A digital micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Figure 7.8 An indicating micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 7.9 A schematic showing the process of wringing gage blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 7.10 Examples of typical gages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 8.1 Elements of electronic gages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Figure 8.2 (a) Light-wave interference with an optical flat, (b) application of
an optical flat, (c) diagram of an interferometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 8.3 Diagram of air gage principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Table 8.1 Summary of commonly used gages and their applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Figure 10.1 Granite surface plate for checking the flatness of a part, with a
dial indicator and leveling screws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Figure 10.2 Simple dial indicator mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Figure 10.3 An application of dial indicators for inspecting flatness by placing
the workpiece on gage blocks and checking full indicator
movement (FIM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Figure 10.4 Application of a sine bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Figure 10.5 Addition and subtraction of angle blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Figure 11.1 (a) Typical surface highly magnified, (b) profile of surface roughness,
(c) surface quality specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figure 11.2 (a) Skid-type or average surface finish measuring gage, (b) skidless
or profiling gage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Figure 11.3 Optical tooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Figure 11.4 Optical comparator system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
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