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322 Part IV: Quality Assuranceand so on. As employers are required to clearly mark and limit access to confinedspaces, employees are strongly advised not to enter these spaces.• Lock-out/tag-out. Lock-out/tag-out refers to removal of electrical powerfrom tools, equipment, or other electrical circuits. It may be necessary to removeelectrical power for safety, to facilitate maintenance, or to stop use of selectedpieces of equipment or work spaces. When power is removed for any application,a locking device is affixed to wires and/or electrical connections to preventreconnection of power—advertent or inadvertent. When power is removed andan appropriate lock-out device is installed, it is strictly forbidden under CRF Title29 to reconnect power. Under CFR Title 29, the only person authorized to reconnectpower is the person who disconnected the power and installed the lockoutdevice. Reconnecting power to equipment or work spaces where it has beenremoved puts at risk not only the life of the person reconnecting the power, butalso anyone who may potentially come into contact with the reconnected equipmentor work space.2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTSIdentify and apply reference materials anddocuments such as ISO, ANSI, ASTM, QSstandards, and customer requirements as theauthority for certain procedures or actions.(Application)Body of Knowledge IV.E.2Part IV.E.2As has been noted throughout this book, customer expectations help to definequality. An extension of customer expectations is a customer requirement, whereincustomers formalize their expectations in terms of selected quality systems, useof selected standards, and/or compliance with certain policies and procedures.These customer expectations may be set in the interest of standardization acrossmultiple vendors or facilities. These customer expectations may also be set in theinterest of communicating values or goals to customers as well as consumers.Several sets of documents, reference documents, are used to specify customerexpectations. While it is beyond the scope of this book to provide an exhaustivelist of all reference standards, a number of the more common standards can beaccessed via the Internet at the addresses provided below. These documents originatefrom organizations that include, but are not limited to, the following:• International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 9000 is a series ofstandards pertaining to research and development, manufacturing, and servicedelivery organizations. The ISO standards articulate requirements for the design,

Chapter 22: E. Resources 323structure, implementation, operation, maintenance, and documentation of comprehensivequality systems. The ISO can be reached at www.iso.org.• Quality Systems (QS). QS-9000 is a set of standards for quality systems basedon the ISO 9000 series of standards as tailored for the automotive industry. Informationabout the QS-9000 standards can be obtained from www.qs-9000.org.AS9100 is a set of standards for quality systems based on the ISO 9000 seriesof standards (ISO 9001: 2000) as tailored for the aerospace industry. Informationabout the AS9100 standards can be obtained from http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/Global/as9100.cfm.• United States Department of Defense (Mil-*). The United States Department ofDefense (U.S. DoD) established and maintains a set of reference documents thatincludes, but is not limited to, defense specifications, handbooks, and standards.Military Specifications (MIL-SPECs) “ . . . describe the physical and/or operationalcharacteristics of a product,” Military Standards (MIL-STDs) “ . . . detail the processesand materials to be used to make the product,” and Military Handbooks(MIL-HDBKs) provide information and/or guidance.• American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI is an organization thatcoordinates, maintains, archives, and distributes voluntary standards. Thesevoluntary standards have applications in virtually every type of industry. ANSIcan be reached at www.ansi.org.• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM actually serves asan international standards organization. ASTM develops testing procedures andprotocols for the testing of all types of materials and applications. ASTM can bereached at www.astm.org.3. TECHNICAL REPORTSRead, interpret, and generate technicalreports to diagnose problems andcommunicate solutions. (Analysis)Part IV.E.3Body of Knowledge IV.E.3Identified in the CQI Body of Knowledge is the topic of technical reports. It shouldbe further noted the level of cognition within Bloom’s Taxonomy is “Analysis.” TheCQI is to interpret this requirement as they must be able to read, interpret, andgenerate technical reports. How to generate technical reports is the subject of asecond-semester university-level course in technical writing and thus is not possible,nor is it expected, to be covered in detail here. What is expected from Bloom’sTaxonomy for Analysis is that the CQI be able to analyze technical reports.

Chapter 22: E. Resources 323

structure, implementation, operation, maintenance, and documentation of comprehensive

quality systems. The ISO can be reached at www.iso.org.

• Quality Systems (QS). QS-9000 is a set of standards for quality systems based

on the ISO 9000 series of standards as tailored for the automotive industry. Information

about the QS-9000 standards can be obtained from www.qs-9000.org.

AS9100 is a set of standards for quality systems based on the ISO 9000 series

of standards (ISO 9001: 2000) as tailored for the aerospace industry. Information

about the AS9100 standards can be obtained from http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/

Global/as9100.cfm.

• United States Department of Defense (Mil-*). The United States Department of

Defense (U.S. DoD) established and maintains a set of reference documents that

includes, but is not limited to, defense specifications, handbooks, and standards.

Military Specifications (MIL-SPECs) “ . . . describe the physical and/or operational

characteristics of a product,” Military Standards (MIL-STDs) “ . . . detail the processes

and materials to be used to make the product,” and Military Handbooks

(MIL-HDBKs) provide information and/or guidance.

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI is an organization that

coordinates, maintains, archives, and distributes voluntary standards. These

voluntary standards have applications in virtually every type of industry. ANSI

can be reached at www.ansi.org.

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM actually serves as

an international standards organization. ASTM develops testing procedures and

protocols for the testing of all types of materials and applications. ASTM can be

reached at www.astm.org.

3. TECHNICAL REPORTS

Read, interpret, and generate technical

reports to diagnose problems and

communicate solutions. (Analysis)

Part IV.E.3

Body of Knowledge IV.E.3

Identified in the CQI Body of Knowledge is the topic of technical reports. It should

be further noted the level of cognition within Bloom’s Taxonomy is “Analysis.” The

CQI is to interpret this requirement as they must be able to read, interpret, and

generate technical reports. How to generate technical reports is the subject of a

second-semester university-level course in technical writing and thus is not possible,

nor is it expected, to be covered in detail here. What is expected from Bloom’s

Taxonomy for Analysis is that the CQI be able to analyze technical reports.

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