Serendipity

SERENDIPITY
JUMANA YASSER

©
Jumana Yasser 2022
All rights reserved

SERENDIPITY
n. a phenomenon of finding
valuable things
By Jumana Yasser
A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project Submitted to the
Department of Architecture, School of Architecture,Art,Design,
American University in Dubai.
In partial fulfillment of the requirments for the Degree of
Bachelor of Architecture
Fall 2022
©
Jumana Yasser 2022
All rights reserved

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project
Department of Architecture,
School of Architecture,Art, Design, American University in Dubai
Student’s Full Name: Jumana Yasser
Thesis Book Title : Serendipity
Student Signature:
Date:
Advisor / Professor Name: Dr.Abdelatif Qamhaieh
Professor Signature:
Date:

Dedicatated to
My Mom
My Dad

Acknowledgements
I’d like to thank my day one supporters who are my
parents, for always sticking by my side, helping with
my all nighters, praying for me and for also calming
me down when i was stressed. Without you being by
my side, i wouldnt have made it through these five
years.
To Dr.Abdellatif Qamhaieh,
Thank for also not giving up on me and pushing me
throughout this semster and by helping me make
this thesis come to life and coaching me through the
whole process

Abstract
Rapid urbanization is occurring in cities all over the world. Migration
from rural to urban areas in some countries results in not only an
increase in total population but also an increase in density. The UN
predicts that by the year 2050, urban areas will be home to 68% of the
world’s population. The United Arab Emirates is one of the countries
where urbanization has had a negative impact on agriculture. Since the
UAE is one of the countries that has been impacted by urbanization, this
means that as the population increases, so does the food production or
human needs. The United Arab Emirates is in the process of losing its
native species at an alarming rate, moving them from the endangered
to the neglected category.
This thesis proposes architecture for the people, to redefine production
and security for vegetation, and to discuss how to care for native and
endangered species in the UAE, in addition to exploring the various
functions and types of botanical gardens. In addition to this, investigate
the connection that exists between architecture and nature in the pursuit
to create architectural designs that evoke a sense of place.

“We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us”
– Winston Churchill

Table Of
01
02
Introduction (pg 14-19)
Botanical Gardens (pg 20-51)
2.1 - History
2.2 - Types Of Botanical Gardens
2.2.1 - Food production
2.2.2 - Visual use
2.2.3 - Seeding
2.3 - Benefits
2.3.1 - Economical
2.3.2 - Educational
2.3.3 - Communities
03
Native Species (pg 52-61)
3.1 - Types
3.2 - Different types of Native
Plants in the UAE
3.3 - Sustainability & Weather
conditions
04
Architecture & Nature (pg 62-95)
4.1- Biomimicry
14
4.2 -Pattern in Architecture
4.2.1 - Branching Patterns
4.2.2 - Fractal Patterns
4.2.3 - Fibonacci Patterns

Contents
05
Case studies (pg 96-203)
5.1 - Taiyuan botanical garden
5.2 - California academy of sciences
5.3 - Sunqiao, urban farming district
5.4 - City Main Library, Gwangju
5.5 - Relevant Architecture
5.5.1 - Qatar Musuem
5.5.2 - Waterfront Botanical Gardens
5.5.3 - Maya Somaiya Library
5.5.4 - The Magic Cloud
06
Programs (pg 204-211)
6.1 - Area Breakdown Table
6.2 - Areas Spaces Relationship
6.3 - Function Analysis
07
Site & Context (pg 212-247)
7.1 - Site Selection
7.2 - Comparative Studies
7.3 - Site Analysis
08
Concepts (pg 248-281)
8.1 - Rebirth
8.2 - Biomimicry
8.3 - Scatter
15

16

1
Introduction
17

There are a lot of environmental
problems that we are currently experiencing,
such as air pollution, loss
of biodiversity, coral bleaching, climate
change, deforestation, energy,
and the use of fossil fuels, due to that
There is widespread irreversible damage
that endangers the rest of our
lives and will worsen if rates rise, and
we do not address the issue. The most
important modern aim of botanical
gardens is to preserve huge collections
of flora categorized with not
unusual place and scientific names in
addition to places of its origin.
The plant collections in such botanical
gardens can include thousands
of different kinds of plants, with the
exact number depending on the location
of the available land as well as the
institution’s finances and resources.
We need to devise a system that will
allow us to cultivate food and store it
safely inside a structure, which would
be a botanical farm and garden. Small
marine vertebrates and invertebrates
rely heavily on native plants like seagrass
for both food and shelter. Native
plants provide both.
The United Arab Emirates is home
to 436 species of native plant life,
including the Ghaf, which serves as
the country’s national tree, as well as
the Dwarf Palm and the White Saxaul.
Arfaj (Rhanterium epapposum), Arta
(Calligonum comosum), Date Palm,
and Ghaf trees are all examples of
native species that are in danger of
18

Fig.1
19

Fig.2
20

extinction in the United Arab Emirates.
They can only survive in very
specific kinds of environments (EAD,
2021).
Botanical gardens have a lot of new
features from educational tendencies
to scientific tendencies. The focus of
these new tendencies is on enriching
visitors’ knowledge of the environment
and enhancing environmental
consciousness. Biodiversity is The
scientific study of the nature and
status with the goal of preserving
species, their habitats, and ecosystems
from unnaturally high rates of
extinction, is referred to as the study
of biodiversity science.
A great number of botanical gardens
also function as research institutes,
making them particularly knowledgeable
in the field of biodiversity
science (He & Chen, 2012). This thesis
will help us by exploring the different
plant collections and the specified
needs for each plant that are housed
in botanical gardens. Botanical gardens
not only house plants and endangered
species, it’s also used for
visual and educational so people can
get in touch with nature and acquire
knowledge about all the different
plants on both a national and an international
scale.
21

Botanical
Gardens
02
22

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
History
Types Of Botanical Gardens
Food production
Visual use
Seeding
Benefits
Economical
Educational
Communities
23

2.1 - History
T he origins of the contemporary
Botanical Garden can be traced back
to Western Europe in the 15th and
16th centuries. The book “Nature’s
Government: Science, Imperial
Britain, and the ‘Improvement’ of the
World,” written by Richard Drayton,
traces the development of the botanical
garden in relation to the struggle
for power between Europe and
the United States during the age of
exploration. It shows how powerful
people used gardens for zoological
and botanical specimens to show off
their wealth and standing to the rest
of the world.
24
Botanic gardens are flexible institutions
whose missions change
over time to meet the social,
economic, and environmental
demands of their communities.
Providing a precise proper definition
would’ve been contentious
and misleadingly prescriptive as
they are diverse. Education physic
gardens connected to university
medical faculty members in Renaissance-era
Italy date back to the
early modern period and are thus
the earliest surviving examples of
what we now call botanic gardens.

Fig.3
25

Fig.4
26

Modern botanical gardens
have little in common with their
specialized forebears, which
were primarily designed for
medicinal purposes. The original
botanical gardens’ academic
and scientific focus and
formal layout have given way
to a greater appreciation for
the economic, environmental,
aesthetic, and other value systems
that result from modern
botanical gardens. In addition to
showcasing science as a unifying
factor, botanical gardens
may also serve to promote other
goals and social values, all
of which speak to the complex
nature of our relationship with
plants. (Muelleria Vol 32,2014).
27

Botanic gardens began during the
16th-century Italian Renaissance.
When science was young, botanic
gardens appeared. Theophrastus’
Greek works were held in the Vatican
library and translated into Latin
by Theodore Gaza at Pope Nicholas
V’s request,(Morton, 1981).The same
pope was also responsible for establishing,
in the year 1447, a medicinal
garden on the grounds of the Vatican,
where students were instructed
in the fundamentals of botany.
(Hyams & MacQuitty 1969, p. 16).
The style of botanical gardens were
constantly changing. There is evidence
in ancient Egypt, which was
built on the fertile soil of the Nile, of
scientific research in the medicinal
use of plants that can be traced to
the 3rd Dynasty pharaoh Imhotep.
This interest is supported
by the fact that there are artifacts
that date back to this
time period (2667–2648 BCE).
Imhotep was respected as
the first great physician, and
he was also worshiped as a
god in ancient Egypt. Later
on, ancient Greek physicians
connected Imhotep with
Asklepios, the God of Greek
medicine, and then used his
Egyptian temples as schools
for future Greek doctors to
educate themselves. (The
Evolution of Modern Medicine,
by William Osler, 1913).
28

Fig.5
29

1911 1912 1928
John Davidson
was appointed to
be the first British
Columbian
botanist
First ever botanical
garden in provincial
colony farm
at essondale near
new Westminster
Seed exchange
begins, seed exchange
program
between botanical
gardens around
the world
Fig.6
30

1939-1944 1981 2012 2015
Seed exchange
begins, seed exchange
program
between botanical
gardens around
the world
Establishment of
the physic garden,
it originated from
the 16th centuray
dutch
Many private gardens
were donated to universities
or botanical societies.
Examples include
London’s Royal Botanical
Gardens at Kew, Padua
University’s Botanical
Gardens, and Chelsea
Physic Garden, London,
1673. (Colburn, 2012)Their
“physic gardens” were
used for student training
and growing plants to
make medicines.
Sustainable communities
field school launches,
a unique program that
offers fun, engaging education
on sustainability
for corporate employees
while conducting research
on the effectiveness of
different educational
methods for promoting
sustainability.
31

2.2 Types Of Botanical Gardens
Fig.7
32

33

2.2 Types Of Botanical Gardens
Botanical gardens must balance
the public’s desire for
knowledge and tourist services,
such as restaurants and
information centers that bring
garbage, noise, and hyperactivity.
Landscape and planting
design may compete with
science, and science is losing
territory. Some gardens
are now heritage landscapes,
requiring new exhibitions and
excellent environmental conservation.
Some gardens, like
the UBC Botanical Garden and
Centre for Plant Research and
the Chicago Botanic Garden,
operate plant-breeding projects
and release new plants to the
public.(Hill, 1915)
34

Fig.8
35

Gardens of Empire: Botanical
Institutions of the Victorian
British Empire is a record of
the role that botanical gardens
played during the time of Britain’s
imperial rule. The book
was written by Donald P. Mc
Cracken. McCracken discusses
the origins of the modern
botanical lawn, which can be
traced back to the Enlightenment
period, and the ways in
which the British Empire benefited
from botanical imports
and colonial gardens. Despite
this, he does not interview
anyone about their perspectives
on gardens. (Colburn,
2012).
36

Fig.2
Fig.9
37

Fig.10
38

The First Gardens: Evidence
from archeological websites
demonstrates that for hundreds
of years, humans have
had knowledge of many plant
life forms derived from food
gathering techniques. This
knowledge allowed them to
establish the first gardens.
Cultivating crops eventually
became an essential component
of human communities’
ability to continue existing and
provide for their subsistence
needs as societies became
more sedentary and learned
how to exert more control over
their natural environments.
(Colburn, 2012)
39

2.2.1- Food production
Botanic gardens grow food
both inside and outside their
gardens. The garden’s activities
include demonstration
food/vegetable gardens, community
gardening projects,
and food plant conservation
and promotion. For example,
The Botanic Gardens of
Adelaide located in Australia,
addresses food security mostly
through outreach work,
such as the Green Infrastructure
project in collaboration
with external partners, community
gardens, and kitchen
gardens. They promote green
infrastructure in urban areas,
including productive plants
in urban agriculture, community
gardens, edible verges,
backyards, and more. The
larger goal is to connect all
green spaces and water systems.(BGCI,
2013)
40

Fig.11
41

2.2.2- Visual use
Fig.12
42

On the other hand, some
people like to go to botanical
gardens because
they can enjoy them in
a variety of ways, which
include learning about the
various kinds of plants that
are being preserved as well
as discovering new types
of plants and educating
themselves. For example:
Madeira botanical gardens
located at Quinta do Bom
Sucesso. The Botanical
Garden is approximately
35,000 square meters in
size and features contrasting
colors, symmetrical
forms, and over 2000 rare
plant species. In addition
to being a wonderful destination
for leisure activities,
it also operates as a
center for both science and
culture, Visitors can walk
around the gardens and
find plants that have been
labeled with their scientific
names, common names,
and their origin countries.
(BGCI, 2004)
Fig.13
43

2.2.3- Seeding
One of the mos
common and
important
methods of
conservation
that takes pla
outside of the
natural environment
is th
storage of materials in the form
of seeds. which is Ex situ. Ex sit
is a collection of plant species
serve as an insurance policy
Fig.14
44
against the extinction of the spe
cies in its natural habitat, while
also making the species accessib
for research and restoration. See
banking has a lot of advantages
over other methods of ex situ
conservation, such as how easy
it is to store the seeds, how little
space it takes up, how little labor
is required, and how it can there
fore keep large samples for an
affordable price.(BGCI, 2019)

t
ce
e
u
-
le
d
Botanic gardens are the
primary institutions that
are involved in the ex-situ
conservation of endangered
species. There are
over 400 botanic gardens
that have seed banks
where they store seeds
for the long-term shortage,
there are not enough
seeds to go around. In
addition, one of the benefits
of botanical gardens is
having the ability to control
everything, including
the temperature, the
amount of available power,
and any other external
factors.(BGCI, 2019)
For instance, the Singapore
Botanic Gardens
Seed Bank is a facility for
conservation, research,
and education that is
located within the Singapore
Botanic Gardens.
This facility’s primary
mission is to preserve
plant species in Southeast
Asia by collecting
and archiving the seeds
and genetic variability of
those plants. The Seed
Bank features an interpretive
gallery that introduces
the Seed Bank and
explains its significance
to plant preservation and
research in Singapore and
the region. Additionally,
the Seed Bank features
a seed dispersal garden
that features seed sculptures
that demonstrate the
various mechanisms by
which seeds are distributed
(Parks, 2020).
-
Fig.15
45

2.3 Benefits
Fig.16
46

47

2.3.1- Economical
all forms of poverty by 2030.
Botanic gardens, with their
emphasis on understanding,
conserving, and using plant
diversity sustainably, as well as
raising environmental awareness,
are involved in a variety
of activities that contribute to
the achievement of the SDGs.
(BGCI, 2018) , To be a successful
botanical garden for the economy,
a significant number of
volunteers in addition to perma-
The Millennium
Development
Goals (MDGs)
were on an
attempt to
eliminate extreme
poverty
throughout
the world by
the year 2015. The Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs),
also known as Global Goals,
are on an attempt to eradicate
48

nent workers are required to
keep the garden maintained.
A botanic garden is a type
of social enterprise, and as
such, it requires managers,
accountants, and marketers,
in addition to interns. In addition
to this, there must be a
significant number of experts
in sustainability, landscaping,
and gardening to successfully
cultivate the plant life.
This opens doors for people
to pursue higher levels of education
and paves the way for the
creation of jobs that give people
something to do with their time
that has meaning.(Aldous, 2020)
Fig.17
49

2.3.2- Educational
Exploring the various
features of a
botanical garden
can teach people a
great deal of new
information. It
also enables them
to become more
familiar with various
kinds of plants, improve their
research skills, and come up with
innovative ideas. Typically, educational
programs within botanical
gardens take place outside and
inside the gardens themselves.
Historically, botanical gardens
have made use of a few different
kinds of interpretive facilities,
including plant tags, posters, and
nature trails. In certain botanical
gardens, visitor education centers,
also known as VECs, have
been established (He & Chen
2012). Nowadays, people tend
50

to develop a deeper appreciation
for the natural world when they
attend events like talks, activity
days, and other gatherings that are
held in botanic gardens. In addition,
botanic gardens frequently
form partnerships with schools,
universities and other educational
establishments to provide students
with opportunities to study
plants as well as conservation and
sustainability efforts.
Fig.18
51

2.3.3 - Communities
otanic gardens also
contribute to the
development of a
community that is
in general healthier.
A botanic garden
is not only a place
where people can
learn more, improve
Btheir physical and
mental health, and further
their professional education,
but it is also a place where
members of the community
can simply relax and spend
time with one another. In our
social media generation, theses
places can help people
disconnect and connect with
people in the real world.
52

Fig.19
53

UAE Native Species
03
54

3.1
3.2
3.3
Types
Different types of native plants
in the UAE
Sustainability &
Weather conditions
55

3.1 – Types
56
The United Arab Emirates is largely
covered by a desert that features
sand dunes, wadis and mountains.
Because of the many different
types of phyto-geography
found in the desert, it is home to
a wide variety of plant and animal
life. It is essential for the preservation
of native species of plants
and animals in the UAE as well as
the advancement of bio - diverse
assets that they have been identified
(EAD, 2021). Large areas of the
UAE have been transformed from
deserts to green lands through
tree planting, public parks, gardens,
and recreational facilities
in cities, medians, and roadsides.
The UAE’s urban landscape
seems hard to reconcile with its
environmental, economic, and
cultural context and uses natural
active materials (Emir. J, 2017).
The UAE’s landscape is dominated
by non-native species. Non-native
plant species need extensive
maintenance and support. These
exotic plants come from temperate
and semi-temperate regions
and require a lot of water (Emir. J,
2017).

Fig.20 Fig.21 Fig.22
57

3.2 - Different types of native plants in the UAE
Name: Sidr Tree
Botanic name: Zizyphus
spinachristi
Exposure group: A
Irrigation:
Found in oases, along wadis, in
parks, along highways, school
grounds, urban parks and
streets.
Fig.23
Name: Ghaf Tree
Botanic name: Prosopis Cineraria
Exposure group: A
Irrigation:
Fig.26
Name: Desert Rose
Botanic name: Adenium obesum
Exposure group: B
Irrigation:
Adenium grows in mountainous
Oman, Yemen, and Ethiopia,
where it benefits from moist air.
Name: Date Palm
Botanic name: Phoenix dactylifera
Exposure group: B
Irrigation:
Date Palm is culturally and urbanely
important. Needs higher
water consumption but only
during active growth periods it
will need little water during cooler
months and fruit ripening.
Fig.24
it’s a desert tree, it doesn’t need
less water than other trees. Ghaf
can access deep water and lives
in the desert, Ghaf dies wherever
water dries up.
Fig.27
Name: Century Plant
Botanic name: Agave americana
‘Green’
Exposure group: B
Irrigation:
Name: Arabian Gum
Botanic name: Acacia nilotica
Exposure group: A
Irrigation:
Agave plants can burn in extreme
heat, despite being a hardy
species. There Sharp leaf tips
complicate maintenance.
Fig.25
Fig.28
Used in desert parks and any location
requiring low irrigation status.
Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council,(2011).
Exposure Group: A. Most tolerant of extreme conditions B. Requires some wind shelter for best growth C. Requires shelter from afternoon sun and strong wind D. Requires total shade and shelter

Low Irrigation Required Medium - Low Irrigation Required Medium Irrigation Required High Irrigation Required
Name: Samal
Botanic name: Acacia ehrenbergiana
Exposure group: A
Irrigation:
Use in desert parks and any location
requiring low irrigation status.
Fig.29
Fig.32
Name: Foxtail or Wodyetia Palm
Botanic name: Wodyetia bifurcata
Exposure group: D
Irrigation:
Unsuitable for this region unless
its wind- and sun-sheltered.
Name: Spanish Bayonet
Botanic name: Yucca aloifolia
Exposure group: C
Irrigation:
Dramatic coastal plant and they
are type of plants that grow freely.
Name: Olive
Botanic name: Olea europaea
Exposure group: C
Irrigation:
Best used in themed landscape
plazas but is outside its comfort
zone
Fig.30
Fig.33
Name: Umbrella Sedge, Dwarf
Papyrus
Botanic name: Cyperus involucratus
Exposure group: C
Irrigation:
High water demand to grow properly,
therefore limited application.
Needs shelter and partial shade
Name: Sarh
Botanic name: Maerua Crassifolia
Exposure group: A
Irrigation:
A very good hardy species for
inland areas. Provides fodder for
animals and is an endangered
species. Should be used more as
an urban and rural species along
roadsides and in parks.
Fig.31
Fig.34

3.3 - Sustainability & Weather conditions
Every plant on this planet has
its own set of parameters that
must be satisfied for it to be
able to thrive and produce fertile
offspring. These parameters
include water and temperature
levels, as well as the type of soil
and other factors. Temperature
control is critical in botanical
farming. The intensity of heat
energy is measured by temperature.
The optimal temperature
range for crop growth is 15ºC
to 40 ºC. Crops grow normally
60
and perform better at this temperature.
Temperature has an impact
on crop plant germination, development,
and growth. The rise in
temperature causes heat stress in
crops, and heat stress inhibits crop
growth. Higher temperatures have
the biggest effect on seedlings.
(Ahmad et al., 2021). While heat
stress is also a major contributor
to lower crop yields. Low temperatures,
on the other hand, cause
frost environmental stress, which is
extremely harmful to crops.

Fig.35
61

Fig.36
62

Crop output is reduced as a result
of the lower temperature. Many
cultural practices are now available
to assist crop plants in growing
normally in the heat and frost
stresses. Farmers are using these
practices to overcome crop yield
issues and increase their profits.
Some common agricultural practices
include row covers, plastic
tunnels, and plastic mulches,
among others. These methods allow
farmers to earn a profit from
their crops even when conditions
are less than ideal. Breeders are
also focusing on these issues in
order to create varieties that are
resistant to various stresses. The
dealers should raise awareness
among farmers about the benefits
of cultivating hybrid and more
resistant varieties.(Ahmad et al.,
2021)
63

Architecture
&
Nature
04
64

4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
Biomimicry
Patterns in Architecture
Branching Patterns
Fractal Patterns
Fibonacci Patterns
65

4.1 - Biomimicry
Biomimicry,
which derives
its name from
the Greek word
bios and mimesis,
which
means life and
to imitate, it is
a relatively new
field of study that analyzes the
most successful designs and
processes found in nature and
then attempts to apply them to
the solution of human problems
and it is a new way of
viewing and valuing nature.
66
Fig.37

Different types of nature-inspired
projects make it possible
for designers and architects
to develop “green”
performance principles that
could be utilized to cooperate
biomimicry solutions
into their own designs. Not
only does biomimicry design
involve drawing inspiration
from natural forms, but it
also involves thinking about
how to make use of the beneficial
features that can be
found in nature, such as the
way it regulates temperature,
how it filters light, and how it
circulates air.(Rao, 2014)
67

68
The Habitat 2020 building is
an example of biomimicry that
brings that talks about how the
exterior of a structure is perceived.
Instead of being made
of normal materials that are
only used for construction and
structural aspects, the exterior
has been designed to be more
like a living skin. The skin functions
similarly to a membrane
and provides communication
between the interior and the
exterior of the habitat. The surface
would allow light, air, and
water to enter the housing. It
would also allow for ventilation.
It would automatically adjust
its position to make the most of
the available sunlight and allow
light in. Clean air and natural
air conditioning would be
provided by the building’s use
of the incoming air and wind,
which would be channeled inside
and filtered (Rao, 2014).

Fig.38
69

Fig.39
70

The Tree pods, which were designed
by Influx Studio, are an
intriguing example of beneficial
biomimicry that was recently
brought to light. This project aims
to create cleaner air by developing
a system that can capture carbon
dioxide emissions. It also provides
the maximum amount of shading
possible, which makes it possible
for the structure to support solar
panels, which are used to power
the system that cleans the air. It is
interesting because the structures
are not only imitating the qualities
of trees but also helping of air exchange.
This method of creating
biomimicry is successful in many
ways because it takes into consideration
the visual aspects as well
as the working and functional
aspects (Rao, 2014)
71

4.2 - Patterns in Architecture
Mathematics is the study of patterns.
The mind can recognize
connections and interrelationships
between ideas and concepts, after
which it will link those concepts
and ideas together. Our capability
to create patterns is a direct result of
the neural development that occurs
as a direct result of our interactions
with our environment. Patterns in
our minds evolved to be able to perform
mathematical tasks by imitating
patterns that already exist in the
natural world as well as patterns that
have been created by humans (Salingaros,
1999).There are patterns
and systems of patterns that exist
in nature as geometric structures
of form and proportion. The helical
spirals of DNA and the lattice
patterns of crystals are both examples
of how geometric forms are
woven into the fabric of life. From
the tiniest particles to the vastness
of the cosmos, there are patterns
and systems of patterns that exist
(Hejazi, 2005).
Fig.40
72

73

74
Fig.41
Fig.42

Fig.43
Fig.44
75

4.2.1 - Branching Patterns
Branching patterns are seen in all
nature such as tress and corals.
The shape of a tree’s silhouette
can be used to identify the species
of tree, common silhouette
shapes for trees include V-shaped,
columnar, pyramidal, round, and
oval and the idea behind there
branches is that it grows in a way
that uses the least amount of
energy and that the ratio of the
trunks size to the branch’s diameter
Is thought to determine where
the branches grow. Also, it is determined
by the way in which its
branches are arranged and positioned
on the tree. There are three
76

Fig.45
possible orientations for branches on
a tree: they can grow upward from
the trunk, straight out from the trunk,
or downward from the trunk.(Maiti et
al., 2015)
There are three distinct types of
branching pattern, which are as
follows: When branching starts from
the main stem, the plant is said to
be monopodial. When the branches
derive from secondary branches on
monopodial plants, the plant is said
to be pseudo monopodial. When
branches begin at the same level as
the ground, a structure is said to be
sympodial (Maiti et al., 2015)
77

78

Fig.46
79

4.2.2 - Fractal Patterns
Fractal patterns are never ending
patterns that resemble one another
at different scales. A Fractal pattern
is a pattern that repat forever
and is made of straightforward
technique in a never-ending loop.
Fractals surround us in so many
different aspects of life, some of
the most common examples of
Fractals in nature would include
branches of trees, snowflakes,
lightning and electricity, plants,
clouds and crystals (B. Mandelbrot,2012).
80

Fig.47
81

Fig.48
82

Fractal in trees:
How a tree grows limbs shows
fractals. The main tree trunk is
the Fractal’s origin point, and
each set of branches that grow
from it have their own branches
that continue to grow. Eventually,
branches become twigs, and these
twigs grow into bigger branches
and twigs. This cycle makes
“infinite” tree branches. Each
tree branch resembles the whole
shape in smaller scale (B. Mandelbrot,2012).
83

Fractal in architecture:
In architecture design and construction,
both unintentional and
intentional use of fractal geometry
can be found. In most cases,
unintentional fractal geometry
can be found in aesthetics. This
is because fractals tend to create
repeating patterns that are pleasing
to the eye. The formation
of intentional fractal geometry
takes place on purpose and with
a particular goal in mind. It can
be seen in Hindu architecture as
well as Gothic architecture.(Fractal
Geometry in Architecture - RTF |
Rethinking The Future, 2020)
84

Fig.49
85

Fig.50
86

Fig.51
87

4.2.3 - Fibonacci Patterns
Leonardo Fibonacci created Fibonacci.
It’s a series of numbers
starting with zero and one, where
each number is equal to the sum
of the two before it. These numerals
appear in animals, plants,
trees, and even the human body.
His most famous book, liber abaci,
compared Hindu Arabic numerals
to roman numerals and concluded
they are more efficient (Fibonacci
Sequence: Definition, How
It Works, and How to Use It, 2022).
88
His most famous book, , compared
Hindu Arabic numerals to
roman numerals and concluded
they are more efficient (Fibonacci
Sequence: Definition, How It
Works, and How to Use It, 2022).

Fig.52
89

Fibonacci around us:
All Fibonacci numbers
(phi=1.6118033) contain the golden
ratio in geometry. When the
golden ratio is applied as a growth
factor, you get a special kind of
logarithmic spiral called the golden
spiral; it gets wider by the factor
of phi. Golden ratio and golden
spiral can be found in seashells,
ocean waves, hurricanes, spider
webs, and galaxies. Salvador Dali
used the golden ratio in “The sacrament
of the Last Supper”.
(THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE,
SPIRALS AND THE GOLDEN
MEAN,2011).
90

Fig.53
91

92

Fig.54
93

Fibonacci in architecture:
Le Corbusier used the golden
ratio when designing his modular
system. Architecture relates to
nature, in fact Maslow considers
shelter a fundemntal physiological
need. Architects have
used the Fibonacci Sequence to
constrain design. Modern architects
use the Fibonacci Sequence
, when designers must create
constraint. Every design decision
must adhere to mathematical
constraints, which simplifies the
process. Every schematic design
decision can be based on Fibonacci
sequence metrics. Fibonacci
sequence allows for more formal
manipulation than a static grid.
Poetically, it adds another level of
geometric analysis to architectural
interpretation. (Rascoh Studio,
2021)
Creativity = constraints.
94
Fig.55

Fig.56
95

96

Fig.57
97

Case Studies
05
98

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
Taiyuan Botanical Garden
California Academy Of Sciences
Sunqiao, Urban Farming District
City Main Library, Gwangju
(Competition)
Relevant Architecture
Qatar Musuem
Waterfront Botanical Gardens
Maya Somaiya Library
The Magic Cloud
99

100

Case Study #1
Fig.58
101

5.1 Taiyuan botanical garden
Architect:
Delugan Meissi Associated Architects
Location:
Taiyuan, China
Project size:
54600 m²
Status:
Completion 2020
Function:
Public Landscape Park
Program:
Restaurants, Museum
102

Fig.59
103

Program
The research center contains
laboratories, studios, office buildings,
workshops, meeting rooms,
lecture rooms and a library and
is broken down into a number of
pavilions of different sizes, which
are linked together by a common
connecting block at ground floor
level.
The centerpiece of the buildings,
which are very precisely inserted
into the modelled topography,
consists of three greenhouses,
which were realized as three
hemispherical timber lattice
domes. The construction of these
greenhouses required the pooling
of technical knowhow in the areas
of energy design, thermal performance,
structural integrity and
glazing as well as assembly and
logistics. With a free span of over
90 meters
104

Fig.60
105

106

Fig.61-62
107

The Domes
The newly constructed Taiyuan
Botanical Garden Domes complex
in Taiyuan, China, consists of three
domes with diameters ranging from
43 meters to 88 meters and heights
ranging from 12 meters to 30 meters.
The largest of the three domes is
the one that holds the record for the
longest clear-span timber grid shell
that is not triangulated. Each of the
three parabolic grid shells is made up
of light glulam beams that are double-curved
and arranged in either two
or three crossing layers.
Fig.62
108

The adaptability to the geometric demands
of this project, as well as its fire
resistance, structural flexibility, natural
aesthetic, and environmentally
sustainable nature, timber was selected
as the material to be used.
While still achieving the doubly
curved shell geometry envisioned by
the project architects, the orientation
of the beams was optimized with
the goal of reducing the amount of
milling that had to be done. On-site
construction in China allowed for the
curved timber beams to be assembled.
Fig.63
Fig.64
109

110

Structure
They followed a traditional Chinese
aesthetic by using wood roof
structures. There are 3 main principals
that were used were: stacked
and interlaced, adding or removing
layers towards supports or
edges and the proportion between
space and structure.
Fig.65
111

112
Entrance

Fig.66
113

Parking
Entrance
Natural Museum
Seating Areas
Fig.67

Entrance & Natural Musuem - Section
Fig.68

Restaurant
Fig.69
116

Fig.70
117

Green Houses
Research Center
Workshops
Fig.71
Public Space
118

Fig.72-73
119

Information
Fig.74
Gallery
Plant Room
Exterior Exibition
120

Fig.75
121

Fig.76
122

•
•
•
123

124

Fig.77
125

126

Case Study #2
Fig.78
127

5.2 California Academy Of Sciences
Architect:
Renzo Piano, Stantec Architecture
Location:
San Francisco, United States
Project size:
400000 sq, 37,000 m²
Status:
Completion 2008
Function:
Learning Center
Program:
Research Center, Museum
128

Fig.79
129

Context:
San Francisco’s 1853 California Academy
of Sciences. One of the nation’s
most esteemed natural science institutes,
it combines public experience
and scientific research.This new
building was consulted on after the
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed
most Academy buildings.
The Academy’s predecessor, 11 buildings
built between 1916 and 1976 around
a central courtyard, is now in Golden
Gate Park. Of these buildings, three have
been conserved within the new project:
the African Hall, the North American
Hall and the Steinhart Aquarium. The
new building has the same position and
orientation as the original, with all functions
arranged around a central courtyard
that serves as an entrance lobby and
collection hub. A spider’s web-like concave
glass canopy covers this connection
point.
130

Concept
Main aim was to collect “rare and rich”
natural specimens and to conduct scientific
research while also operating a
museum to educate visitors about the
natural world
Fig.80
131

Program
The entirety of the complex, which
spans 37,000 square meters, looks
like a section of the park that has
been severed off and elevated by
ten meters above the ground. The
Academy is comprised of a natural
history museum, aquarium, and
planetarium in addition to exhibition
space, educational opportunities,
conservation efforts, and
research all under one roof. The
varied shapes of these various
components can be seen reflected
in the roofline of the building,
which conforms to the shape of
the building’s fundamental elements.
132

Fig.81
133

Roof
Over 1.7 million native plants were
carefully chosen and planted in
containers made from biodegradable
coconut fiber for this “living
roof.” The roof is flat around the
edges, but it undulates like a natural
landscape to form a series of
domes of varying sizes that rise up
from the flat plane in the center.
The planetarium and the rain forest
displays are housed in the two
main domes. There is a pattern of
skylights in the domes that can be
opened and closed automatically to
provide fresh air circulation.
More than five percent of the museum’s
energy needs are met by photovoltaic
cells sandwiched between
the two glass panels that make up the
transparent canopy around the green
roof’s perimeter.
134

Fig.82-84
135

Soil
The soil’s moisture and thermal inertia cools the inside of the museum
which results in avoiding the need for use for air conditioning in the
ground floor public areas and research offices near the façade
Fig.84
136

Sustainability
The museum was able to earn LEED platinum status by prioritizing sustainability
in every aspect of its design, from the selection of materials to
the recycling of waste to the orientation of rooms to maximize daylighting,
ventilation, water use, rainwater capture, and energy generation.
Fig.85
137

Exhibit Floor
Rainforest
Planetaruim
Research
African Hall
Toilets
Collections
Public Lab
Lobby
Shop
Auditoruim/
Resturant
Plaza
Fig.86

Fig.87
Fig.88-89

Fig.90
140

141

Fig.91
142

Fig.92
143

144

Fig.93
145

146

Case Study #3
Fig.94
147

5.3 Sunqiao, Urban Farming District
Architect:
Sasaki
Location:
Shanghai, China
Project size:
1000000 m² (100 hectars)
Status:
Under construction
Function:
Urban Master Plan
Program:
Self Sustaining City
148

Fig.95
149

Fig.96
150

Concept
Shanghai, China, one of the most
dynamic cities in the world, is
actively encouraging innovative
solutions to provide food for the
growing region with their technology
and agriculture. They want
to create a fundamental change.
Since the city is made of soaring
skyscrapers so there farms will go
vertical and they will become more
innovative, Sunqiao said.
151

Fig.97
Context
China is one of the main consumer
and exporter of agricultural
products, located between the
Shanghai’s main international airport
and the city center with all the
skyscrapers. Shanghai is expanding
the agriculture production on
site because China has lost over
123,000 square kilometers of farmland
to urbanization in the last
two decades. Their focus is to have
an integration of vertical farming
system in conjunction with research
and public outreach and to have an
experience that presents urban agriculture
as a dynamic living laboratory
for innovation and education.
152

Fig.98-99
153

Program
Since the 1990s, the district has
been utilizing more traditional
approaches in the production of
food. But now, in order to incorporate
research and community
outreach, it is being expanded to
include vertical farming systems
and more.
In 2017, it was announced that
there would be plans to expand
the district to cover a total area of
100 hectares, and it was completed
by 2021. The expansion of Sunqiao
will involve a lot more than
simply adding vertical farming
systems to existing buildings. The
architectural firm Sasaki, based in
the United States, is responsible
for the design of the plans, which
comprise a total of 856,000 square
feet of public space, 717,000 square
feet of residential space, 138,000
square feet of commercial space,
and 753,000 square feet of vertical
farm space.
The public will be educated about
the advancements that have been
made in urban agriculture through
experiences that are interactive,
playful, and engaging in the public
spaces. The plans, for instance, call
for the establishment of an interactive
greenhouse, a science museum,
an aquaponics showcase,
and a festival market
154

Fig.100
155

Fig.101
156

157

158

Fig.102
159

160

Case Study #4
Fig.103
161

5.4 City Main Library, Gwangju
Architect:
Croquis Design Studio
Location:
Gwangju, South Korea.
Status:
Competition
Function:
Visitor Center, Library
Program:
Entertainment, Educational
162

Fig.104
163

Context
Dubai-based Croquis Design Studio
unveiled its competition proposal
for the new City Main library
Gwangju, South Korea. The wavy
roof of City Main library Gwangju
preserves and spreads human
thought and imagination.
The project combines all aspects of
creativity, whether written, spoken,
performed, or preserved digitally,
in Gwangju, Korea. It recognizes
and celebrates the fact that
libraries must embrace both the
physical and the virtual to thrive in
the digital age. Libraries have been
the primary sources, places for
quiet reflection and learning, and
debate forums for thousands of
years. From the Great Library of Alexandria
to the British Library, US
Library of Congress, and France’s
Bibliotheque Nationale, the written
word has captivated the mind for
millennia.
164

Fig.105
165

Concept
It is a space for learning and interaction
for young and old, a
cross-cultural center that welcomes
all and allows enquiring
minds to explore new areas,
philosophies, and the world and
beyond in all its myriad facets
- while acting as a forum for
connectivity with speakers, debates,
performances, and artistic
showcases. It houses books,
newspapers, journals, magazines,
scientific papers, discourses, and
other texts. It also includes the ever-growing
virtual field, including
cyberspace.
166

Fig.106-108

Fig.109
Fig.110

Program
The library’s woodland heart, rooftops,
amphitheater sides, and open
spaces are as important as its collections
of literature, images, virtual
data, music, news, and culture.
A media wall can display lectures,
debates, performances, natural
world reflections, and abstract
images. Once Upon a Forest is a
focal point for Gwangju’s urban
environment, a place of cultural
exchange, and a hub for human
connection. Pathways lead from
the urban environment, across
water, and through woodland to
allow those seeking knowledge to
enter a state of mind reception –
away from the everyday and open
to the new. The project is a bold
design statement that’s playful and
welcoming inside.
169

Key Elements
Once upon a Forest immediately
captivates those who approach.
Its black wooden exterior, with
sloping roofs, captures the immediate
skyline. Circular roofing
forms envelop an outdoor amphitheater,
evoking the cloud where
much digital data is stored. Visitors
imagine the virtual world that surrounds
them and is embodied in
the structure below. The interior is
made of golden wood, which contrasts
with the exterior but complements
it visually and invites
visitors in. They resemble an open
book ready to share knowledge.
170

Fig.111
171

Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Entrance
Passenger Elevator
Fire Escape stair
Reception
Exibition
Cafe
Fig.112
General Materials
Passenger Elevator
Fire Escape Stair
Reception
Multimedia Materials
Conference Rooms
Fig.113
Multipurpose Room
Study Group Room
Toilet
Toilet
Prep Room
Book Storage
Storage
Children Materials
Fig.116

Sitting Area
Second Floor Plan
Fig.114
Office Space
Third Floor Plan
Fig.115
Passenger Elevator
Passenger Elevator
Fire Escape Stair
Fire Escape Stair
Multipurpose Area
Outdoor Open Space
Multimedia Room
Documentation Space
Conference Rooms
Electrical Rooms
Physical Training Space
Media Office Space
Toilet
Toilet
Storage
Outdoor Gallery
Yoga Classes
Prep Room
Fig.117

Fig.118
174

175

176

Fig.119
177

5.5 Relevant Architecture
This section examines precedent
works about botanic
gardens, research centers,
museums, and libraries. Each
project has interesting and
useful conceptual elements.
178

Fig.120
179

5.5.1
Qatar Museum
Jean Nouvel
The design is inspired by the desert rose and seeks to create
a dialogue between the museum’s fluid, contemporary
architecture and its historic objects.
The National Museum of Qatar aims to transform visitors
from spectators into participants (González, M. F.,2019)
Area: 52000 sqm
180

Fig.121
181

182

Fig.122
183

184

Fig.123
185

5.5.2
Waterfront Botanical Gardens
Perkins and Will
Perkins and Will designed the gardens’ master
plan, education center, and plaza. The geothermally-heated
center is surrounded by native plants and
has easy access to the plaza’s edible and native gardens
(Silva V.,2020).
Area: 500 sqm
186

Fig.124
187

188

Fig.125
189

190

Fig.126
191

5.5.3
Maya Somaiya Library
Sameep Padora & Associates
The architects were also motivated to find a technically
innovative construction solution for the new
building by the presence of geometric structures
already existing on the school’s campus (Caballero
P.,2020).
Area: 600 sqm
192

Fig.127
193

194

Fig.128
195

196

Fig.129
197

5.5.4
The Magic Cloud
DMAA
The project is designed to provide optimal environmental
conditions for the five different greenhouse
spaces, the entrance building and the public spaces,
while minimizing energy needs through a combination
of passive and active air conditioning strategies
and the use of renewable energy (Greenhouse
Shanghai, 2020).
Area: 35000 sqm
198

Fig.130
199

200

Fig.131
201

202

Fig.132
203

Program
06
204

6.1
6.2
6.3
Area Breakdown Tables
Areas Spaces Relationship
Function Analysis
205

6.1
Area Breakdown Tables
Private
Public
BOH Entertainment Research Biophilic FOH
List of figures
http://tropical-architecture.blogspot.com/2008/11/habitat-2020.html
biobmcry
206

207

6.2
Areas Spaces Relationship
Exterior Exhibition
Information
Entrance
Lobby
Plaza
Seating Areas
Public space
Green house
Urban Farm
Market
Research Center
Demonstration Farms
Workshops
Cafe
Restaurant
Multipurpose Room
Offices
BOH
Exterior exibition
Information
Entrance
Lobby
Plaza
Seating Areas
Public space
Green house
Urban Farm
Market
Research Center
Demonstration Farms
Workshops
Cafe
Restaurant
Multipurpose Room
Offices
BOH
Directly Adjacent
Somewhat Adjacent
Nearby
208

Entrance
Lobby
Exterior Exhibition
Plaza
Information
Green Houses
Workshops
BOH
Offices
BOH
Seating
Area
Demonst.
Farm
Market
Public Space
Cafe
Urban
Farm
Restaurant
209

401020
6.3
Function Analysis
30401035251020
Taiyuan Botanical Garden
10%
10%
10%
40%
35%
California Academy Of Sciences
10%
20%
10%
25%
35%
Research
Entertainment
Biophilic
FOH
BOH
Research
BOH
Biophilic
FOH
Entertainment
Proposed Project
40%
10% 10%
20%
20%
BOH
Research
Entertainment
FOH
Biophilic
210

10205020672013
Sunqiao, Urban Farming District
20%
50%
10%
20%
20%
City Main Library,
13%
67%
Biophilic
Research
Entertainment
BOH
BOH
Entertainment
FOH
Green House Exhibition Entertainment
Parking
Research
Center
BOH
Plaza
Entrance
211

Site Selection
07
212

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Site Context
Site Selection
Comparative Studies
Site Analysis
Climate Analysis
213

7.1 Site Context
Dubai is the city i choose for my
project, because of the diversity
of people in this city. More
importantly,due to the fact that
my thesis will focus on the preservation
of endangered native
species found in Dubai specifically.
214

215

7.2 Site Selection
1- Al Jaddaf
2- Dubai Design District
3- Al Qudra Lakes
216

217

7.3 Comparative Studies
Dubai Design District
Description:
Dubai Design District is a new
hotspot. It combines avant-garde
design, fashionable shopping,
and art concepts. It has
top-notch restaurants. Dubai’s
creative center is the Design
District. This community celebrates
creativity with startups,
and entrepreneurs. Concept
boutiques, galleries, and artist
studios are here before artisan
coffee or contemporary art galleries.
There are many fashion
and interior design showrooms.
D3 also hosts many of Dubai’s
top design events, including
Dubai Design Week.
218

Al Jaddaf
Description:
Al Jaddaf is in bur Dubai, western
of Dubai. Dubai Creek, Zabeel,
and Umm Hurair 2 are the
primary features that are located
nearby. In addition, al Jaddaf
is home to the Mohammed bin
Rashid Library, the Latifa Hospital,
and a number of different
sporting facilities. In addition,
there are two metro stations,
which are known as the creek
station and the al Jaddaf station.
Description:
Al Qudra Lakes
Al Qudra lakes ,is a deserted area
where people go there to take
a break and it is like a weekend
destination for families, couples
and friends.It is completely surrounded
by desert, but there are
lakes in some parts of it, which
gives the impression that there
is water present in an otherwise
dry region.
219

220

Patterns in architecture
Topic points
Fibonacii pattern
Tesillation pattern
Fractal pattern
221

7.4 Site Analysis
Historical Background:
Dubai design district was established in 2013. It is a
TECOM Group free zone business park consisting
of three phases, the first of which was completed
in 2015. It features over 200,000 square feet of retail
space in addition to 1.2 million square feet of office
space, studio space, atelier space, and showroom
space. It is comprised of 11 buildings and has an
estimated 1,000 office units in addition to 100 retail
units.
Phase 2: Design industry workshops, studios, and
showrooms. This phase ends in 2019. Foster and
Partners design the creative community.
Phase 3: focuses on d3’s 2 km Creek side promenade,
which will feature hotels, international and
regional food and beverage offerings, and hospitality
and leisure facilities. This phase is completed in
2018.
The choosen site area is 41,183 sqm
This location is conveniently situated close to Mohammed
Bin Rashid City , Business Bay, Dubai
Creek, Dubai Mall and Burj Khalifa.
There is a metro station called Burj Khalifa/The
Dubai Mall, and there are designated bus routes,
such as F13, that will take you to the Dubai Design
District. As a viable alternative, you could take a
Dubai water taxi to the station serving the Dubai
Design District.
222

223

Site
Vehicle Access
224

225

1
2
4
3
226

Landmarks
1
Fig.133
2
Fig.134
3
Fig.135
4
Fig.136
227

228

Zoning
Parking
Residential
Commercial / Office
Public Facilities / Institutions
Vacant Space
Industrial
229

Transportation
Parking
Bus Stop
Dubai Creek
230

231

232

Vegetation
Vegetation
Dubai Creek
233

Views
2
1
234

1
2
235

236

237

1
2
238

1
2
239

240

241

Mass VS Voids
Masses
Voids
242

243

244

Existing Buildings
Semi-Public
Public
Private
245

7.5 Climate Analysis
246

Average High & Low Temperature in Dubai
Fig.137
Humidity in Dubai
Fig.138
247

Concepts
08
248

8.1
8.2
8.3
Rebirth
Biomimicry
Scatter
249

Conceptual Key Terms
Rebirth
Duality
Merge
Scatter
Connected
250

Journey
Biomimicry
Pattern
Complex
Inbetween
Expand
251

8.1
Concept 1
Rebirth
252

Dubai is home to a number of cultural
practices that center on the
concept of rebirth or reincarnation.
They construct houses or even
roofs out of palm fronds and other
native plants using a method
that has been around for centuries
and is still in use today. It is called
areesh, and it involves tying the
palm fronds together to create a
structure that provides protection
from the heat.
The development of a method that
allows for ventilation and openings
in buildings while still retaining the
ability to admit some amount of
light is a very important aspect of
the concept.
253

254

255

256

Exhibition
Green house
Lobby
257

258

259

260

261

8.2
Concept 2
Biomimicry
262

Biomimicry is a technologically
oriented approach that is focused
on applying the lessons that can be
learned from nature. Biomimicry,
as defined by Janine Benyus, views
nature in the following way: as a
model.
So, by gaining an understanding of
biomimicry and how people interpret
it, one can create an architectural
space that demonstrates how
biomimicry and architecture can
work together.
This not only enables architects
to learn from the water, energy,
and material use strategies of living
things, but it also expands the
solution space for the purpose of
developing new solutions.
263

264

265

266

Botanical Garden
Resturant
Plaza
Native Plant room
Museum
267

268

269

270

271

8.3
Concept 3
Scatter
272

A significant number of Dubai’s
native species, such as the palm
tree, are currently being exploited,
neglected, and disregarded in the
city.
It results in dates being scattered
all over the floor, and it also leads
to the United Arab Emirates to import
plants from all over the world
rather than making use of the
plants that are already available in
their own country.
By creating a space that is inspired
by the dates being scattered on the
floor and by having space where
we can learn how to save and use
our resources in a more efficient
manner.
273

274

275

276

Botanical Garden
Resturant
Plaza
Native Plant room
Museum
Exibition
277

278

279

280

281

Bibliography:
Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council. (2011). Abu Dhabi Public Realm Design
Manual. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.cip-icu.ca/
pdf/2011-HM-Urban-Design2(1).pdf
Ahmad, S., Afzal, M., Mehdi Khan, M., Saleem, M., Hussain, A., Shiwal
Hamza, M., Ahmad, M., Zahra, G. E., & Hussain, A. (2021). Agricultural
Impacts, Importance and Botanical Role of Different Crops. Sch Bull, 7(9),
236–240. https://doi.org/10.36348/sb.2021.v07i09.001
Aldous, D. E. (2020). Social, environmental, economic and health benefits
of botanic gardens. http://www.anbg.gov.au/chabg/constitution/index.
html
BGCI. (2004). Botanic gardens and tourism Changing perceptions with
ecotours Tourism for survival Intégration du jardin dan des « produits
touristiques » ’Geotourists’-the next big thing? www.bgci.org/us
BGCI. (2013). Botanic gardens and food security. www.botanischetuin.
tudelft.nl
BGCI. (2018). Botanic gardens and their contribution to the Sustainable
Development Goals. 15 (1). www.bgci.org;
BGCI. (2019). Seed Conservation | Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
https://www.bgci.org/our-work/saving-plants/seed-conservation/
Caballero, P. (2020). Maya Somaiya Library, Sharda School / Sameep Padora
& Associates. ArchDaily. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://
www.archdaily.com/903713/maya-somaiya-library-sharda-school-sameep-padora-and-associates
Colburn, T. (2012). GROWING GARDENS: BOTANICAL GARADENS, PUB-
LIC SPACE AND CONSERVATION [The Faculty of California Polytechnic
State University]. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1830&context=theses
EAD. (2021). Plants. https://www.ead.gov.ae/en/Discover-Our-Biodiversity/Plants
Emir. J. (2017). Landscaping with native plants in the UAE: A review.
284

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2020). Layouts and facilities. Encyclopædia
Britannica. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.
britannica.com/science/botanical-garden-study-and-exhibition-garden/
Layouts-and-facilities
Fractal Geometry in Architecture - RTF | Rethinking The Future. (2022).
Retrieved December 7, 2022, from https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.
com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a7137-fractal-geometry-in-architecture/
González, M. F. (2019). National Museum of Qatar / Ateliers jean nouvel.
ArchDaily. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.archdaily.
com/913989/national-museum-of-qatar-atelier-jean-nouvel
Greenhouse Shanghai. DMAA. (2020). Retrieved December 11, 2022, from
https://www.dmaa.at/work/greenhouse-shanghai
He, H., & Chen, J. (2012). Educational and enjoyment benefits of visitor
education centers at botanical gardens. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.048
Hejazi, M. (2005). Geometry in nature and Persian architecture Characterisation
of adobe View project Buckling of FRP sylinders View project
GEOMETRY IN NATURE AND PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE. Building
and Environment, 40(10), 1413–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.007
Historical timeline. UBC Botanical Garden. (2021). Retrieved December
11, 2022, from https://botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/about/about-us/historical-timeline/
Hill, A. (1915). The history and functions of botanic gardens. https://
ia902700.us.archive.org/18/items/historyfunctions00hilluoft/historyfunctions00hilluoft.pdf
Maiti, R., Rodriguez, H. G., Sarkar, N. C., & Thakur, A. K. (2015). Branching
Pattern and Leaf Crown Architecture of Some Tree and Shrubs in Northeast
Mexico. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2015.00009.3
Morton. (1981). History of botanical science : an account of the development
of botany from ancient times to the present day : Morton, A.
G. (Alan G.) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.
285

London.Newyork. https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort/
page/n1/mode/2up
Parks, N. (2020). Seed Bank. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/our-gardens/
bukit-timah-core/seed-bank
Pretty, J. N., Thompson, J., & Hinchcliffe, F. (1996). GATEKEEPER SERIES
No. 60 Sustainable Agriculture: Impacts on Food Production and Challenges
for Food Security International Institute for Environment and Development
Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme.
Rao, R. (2014). Biomimicry in Architecture. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Civil,Structural,Environmental and Infrastructure
Engineering and Developing, 2320–2723.
Salingaros, N. A. (1999). Architecture, Patterns, and Mathematics: Vol. I.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00004-998-0006-0.pdf
Silva, V. (2020). Waterfront Botanical Gardens / Perkins and will. ArchDaily.
Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.archdaily.com/933133/
waterfront-botanical-gardens-perkins-plus-will?ad_source=search&ad_
medium=projects_tab
The Evolution of Modern Medicine, by William Osler. (1913). https://www.
gutenberg.org/files/1566/1566-h/1566-h.htm
U.AE. (2020). Environmental challenges - The Official Portal of the
UAE Government. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/environmental-challenges-in-the-uae.
286

287

List Of
Figure 1: https://www.pexels.com/photo/faded-leaf-of-plant-in-nature-6040187/
Figure 2: https://www.artsy.net/artwork/timo-helgert-the-return-of-nature-train
Figure 3: https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/adamand-eve-woodcut-by-lucas-cranach-the-elder-1523/GSV-jtv005328
Figure 4: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/838091811921336878/
Figure 5: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/466544842658543298/
Figure 6: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/563724078351165808/
Figure 7: https://unsplash.com/photos/UNqYeT2KViI
Figure 8: https://unsplash.com/photos/G4W3UYGPyvI
Figure 9: https://unsplash.com/photos/Wqx2FBxsA04
Figure 10: http://app.ortobotanicopd.it/en/university-padua-botanical-garden
Figure 11: https://unsplash.com/photos/vGQ49l9I4EE
Figure 12: https://unsplash.com/photos/PRllh5FjYgI
Figure 13: https://www.alamy.com/formal-garden-with-bird-of-paradise-flowers-madeira-botanical-gardens-jardim-botanico-funchal-madeira-portugal-atlantic-europe-image181730913.html
Figure 14: https://unsplash.com/photos/Akf6BuBjJss
Figure 15: https://unsplash.com/photos/XkViGqfg0oA
Figure 16: https://unsplash.com/photos/KDMwhO2SjVg
Figure 17: https://unsplash.com/photos/xDwEa2kaeJA
Figure 18: https://www.pexels.com/photo/adult-blur-books-closeup-261909/
288

Figures:
Figure 19: https://unsplash.com/photos/jG1z5o7NCq4
Figure 20: https://unsplash.com/photos/bXsJnwcIykw
Figure 21: https://unsplash.com/photos/DoSPxDAmD8g
Figure 22: https://unsplash.com/photos/YX_s1MhcLQg
Figure 23: https://yemensidrhoney.com/blogs/articles/sidr-tree
Figure 24: https://www.ead.gov.ae/en/discover-our-biodiversity/plants/
ghaf-tree
Figure 25: https://www.greensouq.ae/pdt/agave-americana-century-plant/
Figure 26: https://www.florida-palm-trees.com/true-date-palm-tree/
Figure 27: https://www.homestratosphere.com/what-is-a-desert-rose/
Figure 28: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/264254
Figure 29: https://www.bastanastore.com/products/acacia-ehrenbergiana-family-fabaceae-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85
Figure 30: https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-aloifolia
Figure 31: https://www.gardenia.net/plant/cyperus-involucratus
Figure 32: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodyetia
Figure 33: https://www.greensouq.ae/pdt/olea-europea-or-mature-80-
100mm-dia/
Figure 34: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.
org:names:147674-1
Figure 35: https://unsplash.com/photos/WYGhTLym344
Figure 36: https://unsplash.com/photos/4rDCa5hBlCs
Figure 37: https://unsplash.com/photos/G64AisSnmbc
289

Figure 38: http://tropical-architecture.blogspot.com/2008/11/habitat-2020.html
Figure 39: https://archello.com/project/boston-treepods
Figure 40: https://www.thespiderawards.com/gallery/5th/professional/
architectural/nominees/44874
Figure 41: https://unsplash.com/photos/8SXaMMWCTGc
Figure 42: https://unsplash.com/photos/uSbMsUYdFpM
Figure 43: https://unsplash.com/photos/jpgRztEuaV4
Figure 44: https://unsplash.com/photos/rXNWenGhDm0
Figure 45: https://designontopic.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/branching/
Figure 46: https://www.buildinganddecor.co.za/branching-structure/
Figure 47: https://unsplash.com/photos/jObj_p885Gg
Figure 48: https://unsplash.com/photos/lJOTMM74FSw
Figure 49: https://unsplash.com/photos/TwEhgfCWISA
Figure 50: https://unsplash.com/photos/CS8ztIbDrKQ
Figure 51: https://unsplash.com/photos/STAKsZyR59A
Figure 52: https://unsplash.com/photos/LGPIQdS0Uzk
Figure 53: https://unsplash.com/photos/YfCVCPMNd38
Figure 54: https://www.dalipaintings.com/the-sacrament-of-the-lastsupper.jsp
Figure 55: https://www.archdaily.com/902597/on-the-dislocation-of-the-body-in-architecture-le-corbusiers-modulor/5ba95eaff197cca23c000343-on-the-dislocation-of-the-body-in-architecture-le-corbusiers-modulor-photo
Figure 56: https://www.archdaily.com/902597/on-the-dislocation-
290

of-the-body-in-architecture-le-corbusiers-modulor/5ba96302f197ccaa350000f7-on-the-dislocation-of-the-body-in-architecture-le-corbusiers-modulor-photo?next_project=no
Figure 57: https://www.archdaily.com/975380/what-is-the-fibonac-
ci-sequence-and-how-does-it-relate-to-architecture/61d5de9e23d-
7e8136a892047-what-is-the-fibonacci-sequence-and-how-does-it-relate-to-architecture-image
Figure 58-77: https://www.archdaily.com/962872/taiyuan-botanical-garden-delugan-meissl-associated-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab
https://structurecraft.com/projects/taiyuan-domes#:~:text=The%20
new%20Taiyuan%20Botanical%20Garden,%2Dtriangulated)%20in%20
the%20world.
Figure 78-93: https://www.archdaily.com/6810/california-academy-of-sciences-renzo-piano
Figure 94-102: https://www.sasaki.com/projects/sunqiao-urban-agricultural-district/
Figure 103-119: https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/efzhh/croquisdesign-studio-unveils-its-competition-proposal-for-city-main-libraryin-gwangju-south-korea.html
Figure 120: https://unsplash.com/photos/neHxvGWsJws
Figure 121-123: https://www.archdaily.com/893374/jean-nouvels-national-museum-of-qatar-takes-shape-as-new-images-released
https://www.archdaily.com/913989/national-museum-of-qatar-atelier-jean-nouvel
Figure 124-126: https://www.archdaily.com/933133/waterfront-botanical-gardens-perkins-plus-will?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_
tab
https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/waterfront-botanical-gardens_o
Figure 127-129: https://www.archdaily.com/903713/maya-somaiya-li-
291

brary-sharda-school-sameep-padora-and-associates
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/08/sameep-padora-associates-kopargaon-india-school-library-architecture/
Figure 130-132: https://www.dmaa.at/work/greenhouse-shanghai
Figure 133: https://www.visitdubai.com/en/explore-dubai/dubai-neighbourhoods/dubai-design-district
Figure 134: https://www.arabnews.com/node/1716906/lifestyle
Figure 135: https://www.timeoutdubai.com/food-drink/foodnews/76645-review-base-opening-night
Figure 136: https://www.sky-management.net/sky2o-dubai.html
Figure 137: https://weatherspark.com/y/105470/Average-Weather-in-Dubai-United-Arab-Emirates-Year-Round#:~:text=In%20
Dubai%2C%20the%20summers%20are,or%20above%20112%C2%B0F.
Figure 138: https://www.worlddata.info/asia/arab-emirates/climate-dubai.php
292

293