Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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50 A. Kohlrausch and S. van de Par Figure 7. Illustration of the low-noise noise generation. The top panel shows the power spectrum of the Gaussian noise at the start of the iterative process, the middle panel the spectrum of the low-noise noise after one iteration, the lower panel the spectrum of the low-noise noise after 10 iterations. ponents in the passband causes the flat envelope that is seen in the lower panel of Fig. 6. Due to this careful arrangement of phase and amplitude values throughout the noise spectrum, any modification of this spectral ordering will affect the flatness of the temporal envelope. In Fig. 8, the low-noise noise signal of Fig. 6, which was centered at 500 Hz, and had a bandwidth of 100 Hz, is shown after being filtered with a 78-Hz-wide gamma-tone filter centered at 500 Hz. As can be seen, the degree of envelope fluctuation has increased considerably. Since the gamma-tone filter used here is a reasonable first-order approximation of auditory peripheral filtering, this figure demonstrates that the properties that are present in the external stimulus should not be taken to be representative for the manner in which the stimulus is represented within the auditory system. 3.1.3 Role in hearing research and perceptual insights As discussed before, Gaussian noise is a frequently used signal to serve as a masking stimulus in experiments investigating auditory masking. Early experiments of Fletcher [32] used noise signals of various bandwidths to determine detection thresholds of sinusoidal signals centered in the bandpass noise maskers. In these experiments it was found that only the masker energy that was spectrally close to the sinusoidal target signal contributed to the masking effect of the noise. This led to the concept of the critical band which indicates the spectral range that contributes to the masking effect on the sinusoidal signal. The integrated intensity of the masker within this range determines the masked threshold.
Specific signal types in hearing research 51 Figure 8. Illustration of the low-noise noise generation. The top panel shows a lownoise noise with a bandwidth of 100 Hz after 10 iterations, the lower panel shows the same waveform after peripheral filtering with a gamma-tone filter of 78-Hz width. This purely intensity-based account of masking does not provide insights into the reasons for observing quite different masked thresholds when narrow-band noises or sinusoidal signals with the same overall level are used as a masker. When the bandwidth of the noise is smaller than the critical bandwidth, there is no difference in the masker intensity within that critical band and, if overall masker intensity determines masking, thresholds should be the same. Typically, however, thresholds for tonal maskers are about 20 dB lower than for narrowband Gaussian noise maskers [33]. One of the factors that is believed to contribute to the different masking strength of these signals is the difference in the inherent envelope fluctuations. A tonal masker has no inherent envelope fluctuations, and the addition of the target tone will introduce a beating pattern which may be an effective cue for detecting the presence of the target. In a noise masker, however, the masker itself already has a high degree of fluctuation. Addition of the sinusoidal signal does not alter the properties of the envelope fluctuations by a significant degree and therefore, changes in the temporal envelope pattern may be a less salient cue for a noise masker. Low-noise noise maskers provide an elegant stimulus to verify that the inherent fluctuations in Gaussian noise are an important factor contributing to its strong masking effect. Such an experiment had been done by Hartmann and Pumplin [30], but the difference that they found was only 5 dB. This difference is considerably smaller than the 20-dB difference in masking found for Gaussian noise maskers and tonal signals. A complicating factor may be that the inherent fluctuations in the
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
Page 11 and 12: Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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156 W. Lauterborn et al. Pulse widt
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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168 W. Lauterborn et al. R [µ m] 1
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170 W. Lauterborn et al. [17] M. P.
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172 R. Mettin (a) (b) Figure 1. Bub
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174 R. Mettin 0 ms 2 mm 1 ms 2 ms 3
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176 R. Mettin important quantity ch
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178 R. Mettin 100 kPa 200 kPa | | F
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180 R. Mettin Figure 7. Trapped sin
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182 R. Mettin concentration of spec
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184 R. Mettin which is called the p
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186 R. Mettin R 02 [µm] R 02 [µm]
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188 R. Mettin constant to M a = 2π
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190 R. Mettin (a) p a [Pa] 140 120
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192 R. Mettin z [mm] 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
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194 R. Mettin Figure 17. Left: Expe
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196 R. Mettin - a hot microlaborato
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198 R. Mettin [52] R. Mettin, C.-D.
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200 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Th
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202 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Fi
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214 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze 6
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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Pr
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218 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopa
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260 K. D. Hinsch Generally, any of
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262 K. D. Hinsch Figure 1. Monitori
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264 K. D. Hinsch Figure 3. ESPI stu
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266 K. D. Hinsch Figure 4. Deterior
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268 K. D. Hinsch Often, in-plane mo
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270 K. D. Hinsch Figure 7. Optical
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272 K. D. Hinsch Figure 9. Humidity
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274 K. D. Hinsch locations that tak
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276 K. D. Hinsch Figure 13. Map of
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278 K. D. Hinsch References [1] D.
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280 Schreiber not moving along with
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282 Schreiber These properties made
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284 Schreiber Figure 3. The G ring
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286 Schreiber Rotation Rate [rad/s]
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288 Schreiber and it is currently b
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290 Schreiber n1 D A B n Figure 8.
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292 Schreiber Beamwalk [µm] 80.0 7
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294 Schreiber ∆ Perimeter [*10e12
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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368 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends with
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370 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figur
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386 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends of th
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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