Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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390 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figure 21. Amplitude factor of the relaxation spectral function Rum(ν) (Eq. (53)) for aqueous solutions of tetra-n-propylammonium bromide at 25 ◦ C, displayed as a function of equilibrium mole fraction ¯x2 of salt [87,89]. The dashed line is the graph of the Romanov- Solov’ev ampitude factor (Eqs. (54,55)). For three series of solutes the maximum ξ values of aqueous systems are displayed in Fig. 22 as a function of the number n of alkyl groups per molecule of solute. Within the series of unbranched molecules the maximum correlation length ξmax increases significantly with length of the hydrophobic group of solute. Obviously, the nature of the hydrophilic group is of low significance for ξmax. In correspondence to the formation of micelles, the larger the hydrophobic part of the nonaqueous constituent Figure 22. Maximum value ξmax in the concentration dependence of a binary system, displayed as a function of the number n of alkyl groups per organic molecule for some aqueous solutions of urea derivatives (•), monohydric alcohols (◦), and poly(ethylene glycol) monoalkyl ethers (△) at 25 ◦ C [89]. EtU, ethylurea; n-PrU, npropylurea; n-BuU, n-butylurea; EtOH, ethanol; n-PrOH, n-propanol; i-PrOH, 2-propanol; C2E1, 2-butoxyethanol; i-C3E1, isopropoxyethanol; C4E1, 2-butoxyethanol; C4E2, 2-(2butoxyethoxy)ethanol.
Liquids: Formation of complexes and complex dynamics 391 the stronger the tendency to form clusters in order to avoid unfavourable interactions with water. The effect of cluster formation is noticeably smaller for solutes with branched hydrophobic parts. Almost no fluctuations of local concentration exist for the tetramethylurea/water system (ξmax = 2 · 10 −10 m [90]), whereas ξmax = 30 · 10 −10 m for aqueous solutions of n-butylurea (Fig. 22). 4.2 Critical demixing The anomalies in the thermodynamic and transport properties, which are induced by long wavelength fluctuations in the order parameter, associated with the phase transition near a critical point, have attracted much interest from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Considerable attention has been directed towards ultrasonic attenuation spectrometry as the method allows to verify or disprove the dynamic scaling hypothesis, particularly if combined with quasielastic light scattering and shear viscosity measurements. Various theoretical models for the description of ultrasonic spectra of critical systems exist, the most prominent are the dynamic scaling theory [97–100], the mode coupling theory [101–104], and the more recent intuitive theory proceeding from a description of the bulk vicosity near the critical point [105,106]. The dynamic scaling model predicts the critical contribution α c λ = αλ − α b λ to the total attenuation per wavelength, αλ = αλ, to be given by (57) α c λ = cA(T )F (Ω) . (58) In this relation A is an amplitude factor, only weakly depending on frequency, and F (Ω) is the scaling function with reduced frequency Ω = 2πν . (59) Γ(ɛ) The relaxation rate of order parameter fluctuations, Γ(ɛ) = τ −1 ξ , is assumed to follow a power law −Z0 ˜ν Γ(ɛ) = Γ0ɛ with the universal dynamical critical exponent Z0 and the critical exponent ˜ν of the fluctuation correlation length mentioned before. In correspondence with an empirical form of the dynamic scaling model [99] the scaling functions of the Bhattacharjee-Ferrell (BF), Folk-Moser (FM), and Onuki (On) models can be favourably represented by the relation [107] Fx(Ω) = � 1 + 0.414 � x �nx Ω1/2 Ω �−2 with Ωx 1/2 (x = BF, FM, On) denoting the scaled half-attenuation frequency of Fx and nx an exponent that controls the slope Sx(Ω = Ωx 1/2 ) = dFx(Ω)/d ln(Ω)|Ω of 1/2 (60) (61)
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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Applied physics at the “Dritte”
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noise component [GNE] 5 4 3 2 1 can
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3.4 Transfer to running speech Spee
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3.4.2 Analysis of running speech Sp
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Speech research 33 Area [Pixels] 60
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Speech research 35 [13] D. Michaeli
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Specific signal types in hearing re
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74 D. Ronneberger et al. Mechel fou
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76 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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78 D. Ronneberger et al. |t + acous
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80 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 6.
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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84 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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86 D. Ronneberger et al. R / L ⋅
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88 D. Ronneberger et al. e. g. temp
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90 D. Ronneberger et al. 3.2 Qualit
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92 D. Ronneberger et al. As usual t
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94 D. Ronneberger et al. (wavenumbe
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96 D. Ronneberger et al. powers of
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98 D. Ronneberger et al. an increas
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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156 W. Lauterborn et al. Pulse widt
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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168 W. Lauterborn et al. R [µ m] 1
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170 W. Lauterborn et al. [17] M. P.
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172 R. Mettin (a) (b) Figure 1. Bub
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174 R. Mettin 0 ms 2 mm 1 ms 2 ms 3
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176 R. Mettin important quantity ch
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178 R. Mettin 100 kPa 200 kPa | | F
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180 R. Mettin Figure 7. Trapped sin
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182 R. Mettin concentration of spec
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184 R. Mettin which is called the p
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186 R. Mettin R 02 [µm] R 02 [µm]
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188 R. Mettin constant to M a = 2π
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190 R. Mettin (a) p a [Pa] 140 120
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192 R. Mettin z [mm] 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
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194 R. Mettin Figure 17. Left: Expe
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196 R. Mettin - a hot microlaborato
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198 R. Mettin [52] R. Mettin, C.-D.
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200 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Th
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202 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Fi
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214 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze 6
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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Pr
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218 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopa
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260 K. D. Hinsch Generally, any of
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262 K. D. Hinsch Figure 1. Monitori
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264 K. D. Hinsch Figure 3. ESPI stu
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266 K. D. Hinsch Figure 4. Deterior
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268 K. D. Hinsch Often, in-plane mo
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270 K. D. Hinsch Figure 7. Optical
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272 K. D. Hinsch Figure 9. Humidity
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274 K. D. Hinsch locations that tak
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276 K. D. Hinsch Figure 13. Map of
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278 K. D. Hinsch References [1] D.
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280 Schreiber not moving along with
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282 Schreiber These properties made
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284 Schreiber Figure 3. The G ring
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286 Schreiber Rotation Rate [rad/s]
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288 Schreiber and it is currently b
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290 Schreiber n1 D A B n Figure 8.
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292 Schreiber Beamwalk [µm] 80.0 7
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294 Schreiber ∆ Perimeter [*10e12
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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440 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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