Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s) Max Cross−corr. norm. Rot. rate (rad/s) 4 2 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 x 10 −8 Event 6 : hokkaido − #268−2003 − T min =10 s WET G 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 x 10 4 Time (s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 x 10 4 15000 Time (s) 10000 5000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 x 10 4 0 Time (s) Figure 28. Top: Observation of rotation rate (upper trace) and transverse acceleration (lower trace) after the mag. 8.1 Tokachi-oki event, 29-9-03. Middle: The cross-correlationcoefficient in a 30 s sliding window. Note the increase in correlation during the main shock (>7500 s) and aftershock (>13800 s) to almost 1 (perfect match). Bottom: Estimates of horizontal phase velocities in time windows with good phase match (> 9500 s). Note the decreasing phase velocities in the Love wave train (e. g., 8000-10000 s, indicative of Love wave dispersion). This diagram was kindly provided by H. Igel. This led to the construction of the first cheap stainless steel construction, namely G0. The only objective was to achieve mono-mode operation. However to the surprise of everybody, G0 could be operated as a gyroscope comparatively easily. This achievement laid the foundations for G, the most sophisticated and well designed ring laser of all, shifting the limit of gyroscopic sensor resolution well beyond 1 part in 10 8 . Encouraged by this result larger and larger ring lasers were built, demonstrating their viability for the application in this new field of high resolution Sagnac spectroscopy. A lot of technical problems had to be overcome, which in hindsight appeared to be obvious. Today it seems that G has reached the limit of sensitivity which is practically possible for a gyroscope attached to the Earth. The sensor stability has been improved from stable operations at the scale of minutes about 10 years ago up to many days today. As this lane is pursued further more and more geophysical signals with longer periods are expected to become visible, which eventually may make significant contributions to the field of space geodesy. Furthermore a number of exciting results from the studies of rotational seismology are expected from Sagnac gyroscopes.
Large ring laser gyroscopes 309 Acknowledgements. This project review could have had more than six co-authors easily. However that was impractical to coordinate in the available time. I have to take responsibility for the statements made and and the balancing of the items presented. Appropriate reference is given to earlier publications covering the various aspects of the ring laser project in more detail. The combined ring laser results were possible because of a collaboration of Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodäsie, Technische Universität München, Germany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt, Germany and the Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität, München, Germany. The GEOsensor was funded under the program GEOTECHNOLOGIEN of BMBF and DFG, Grant 03F0325 A-D. University of Canterbury research grants, contracts of the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand and also grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks go to my colleagues Heiner Igel, Geoffrey Stedman, Robert Hurst, Jon-Paul Wells, Clive Rowe, Robert Thirkettle, Thomas Klügel, Alexander Velikoseltsev, Manfred Schneider, Benedikt Pritsch, Wolfgang Schlüter and Robert Dunn for their contributions. References [1] G. Sagnac, Comptes Rendus, Acac. Sci. (Paris) 157, 708 (1913). [2] B. Höling, Ein Lasergyroskop zur Messung der Erdrotation, Dissertation, Universität Tübingen (1990). [3] P. Milonni and J. Eberly, Lasers (Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988), pp. 589. [4] G. E. Stedman, ‘Ring-laser tests of fundamental physics and geophysics’, Rep. Prog. Phys. 60, 615 (1997). [5] A. A. Michelson and H. G. Gale, ‘The Effect of the Earth’s Rotation on the Velocity of Light’, Astrophys. J. 61, 140 – 145 (1925). [6] D. Loukianov, R. Rodloff, H. Sorg, and B. Stieler (Eds.), RTO AGARDograph 339, Optical Gyros and their Application (NATO RTO, 1999), ISBN 92-837-1014-2. [7] K. U. Schreiber, Ringlasertechnologie für geowissenschaftliche Anwendungen, Habilitationsschrift, Mitteilungen d. Bundesamtes f. Kartographie und Geodäsie, Bd. 8 (1999). [8] H. Bilger, G. E. Stedman, Z. Li, K. U. Schreiber, and M. Schneider, ‘Ring Lasers for Geodesy’, IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas. 44, 468 (1995). [9] F. Aronowitz, ‘The laser gyro’, in Laser applications, Vol. 1, edited by M. Ross (Academic Press, New York, 1971), pp. 133 – 200. [10] F. Aronowitz, ‘Fundamentals of the Ring Laser Gyro’, in RTO AGARDograph 339, Optical Gyros and their Application, edited by D. Loukianov, R. Rodloff, H. Sorg, and B. Stieler (NATO RTO, 1999). [11] J. R. Wilkinson, ‘Ring Lasers’, Prog. Quant. Electr. 11, 1 (1987). [12] A. Velikoseltsev, The development of a sensor model for Large Ring Lasers and their application in seismic studies, Dissertation, Technische Universität München (2005). [13] U. E. Hochuli, P. Haldemann, H. A. Li, ‘Factors influencing the relative frequency stability of He-Ne laser structures’, Rev. Sci. Instr. 45, 1378 (1974). [14] W. E. Ahearn and R. E. Horstmann, ‘Nondestructive Analysis for HeNe Lasers’, IBM J. Res. Develop. 23, 128 (1979). [15] W. W. Chow, J. Gea-Banacloche, L. M. Pedrotti, V. E. Sanders, W. Schleich, and M. O. Scully, ‘The ring laser gyro’, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 61 (1985). [16] J. T. Verdeyen, Laser Electronics, 3rd ed. (Prentice Hall, London, 2000). [17] P. McClure, Diurnal polar motion, GSFC Rep. X-529-73-259, (Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., 1973).
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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Applied physics at the “Dritte”
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noise component [GNE] 5 4 3 2 1 can
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3.4 Transfer to running speech Spee
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3.4.2 Analysis of running speech Sp
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Speech research 33 Area [Pixels] 60
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Speech research 35 [13] D. Michaeli
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74 D. Ronneberger et al. Mechel fou
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80 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 6.
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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96 D. Ronneberger et al. powers of
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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168 W. Lauterborn et al. R [µ m] 1
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170 W. Lauterborn et al. [17] M. P.
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172 R. Mettin (a) (b) Figure 1. Bub
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174 R. Mettin 0 ms 2 mm 1 ms 2 ms 3
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176 R. Mettin important quantity ch
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178 R. Mettin 100 kPa 200 kPa | | F
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180 R. Mettin Figure 7. Trapped sin
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182 R. Mettin concentration of spec
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184 R. Mettin which is called the p
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186 R. Mettin R 02 [µm] R 02 [µm]
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188 R. Mettin constant to M a = 2π
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190 R. Mettin (a) p a [Pa] 140 120
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192 R. Mettin z [mm] 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
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194 R. Mettin Figure 17. Left: Expe
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196 R. Mettin - a hot microlaborato
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198 R. Mettin [52] R. Mettin, C.-D.
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200 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Th
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202 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Fi
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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Pr
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218 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopa
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358 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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368 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends with
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370 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figur
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386 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends of th
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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