Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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246 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopalan Figure 18. Recoil-induced material expulsion in water ablation by 200-µs Er:YAG laser pulses, together with a schematic illustration showing the pathlines of the ejected material fragments. The lateral component of the recoil-induced flow collides with the surrounding fluid that is at rest, thus producing an upward directed splash. Material will be ejected whenever the recoil stress component in the radial direction exceeds the mechanical strength of the tissue, as illustrated in Fig. 18. The sequence of primary material ejection and recoil-induced material expulsion is shown in Fig. 19 for free-running and Q-switched Er:YAG laser ablation of liver. While the primary material ejection visible at short delay times takes place across the entire ablation area, recoil-induced expulsion occurs preferentially at the ablation crater rim and includes the ejection of tissue fragments much larger than those ejected during the initial phase explosion. The recoil-induced ejection dynamics resembles the surface indentation and subsequent “splash” produced by the impact of liquid droplets on bulk liquids that has already been investigated in considerable detail [111,112]. The mass expelled at later times far exceeds the mass ejected during the primary ablation phase. However, the velocity of the ejecta is considerably slower. Recoil-induced material expulsion begins after the primary ejection process, requires a radiant exposure well above the ablation threshold, and provides an increase of the ablation efficiency. A marked increase of the ablation efficiency at a certain radiant exposure has been observed for weak tissues as liver and myocardium as well as for gelatin with high water content but not for tissues with greater mechanical strength such as skin [37,113]. Remarkably, no recoil-induced ejection was observed in skin ablation using Q-switched Er:YAG laser pulses even when the recoil stress was about 50 times larger than the quasi-static ultimate tensile strength of skin [37].
Dynamics of pulsed laser tissue ablation 247 Figure 19. Recoil-induced material expulsion for liver ablation by (a) 200-µs Er:YAG laser pulses at 100 J/cm 2 radiant exposure and 1.1 mm spot size, (b) 70-ns Er:YAG laser pulses at 5.4 J/cm 2 radiant exposure and 0.5 mm spot size. The primary material ejection produced by the phase changes in the target is also visible in all images of (a) and in the first image of (b). To understand this discrepancy, we must first consider that the recoil-induced tensile and shear stresses that contribute to tissue fracture may be considerably smaller than the measured compressive recoil stress. Moreover, as discussed in Sect. 2, the dynamic tensile strength of tissue at the extreme strain rates produced in pulsed laser ablation is much higher than the quasi-static values for the UTS found in the literature. Finally, tissue fracture will only occur at sufficiently large strain that may not be achieved by stress transients of very short duration [6,22]. For mechanically weak tissues, the recoil-stress-induced material expulsion produces craters with a depth much larger then the optical penetration depth and a diameter much larger than the irradiated spot size, as shown in Fig. 20(a,b). For mechanically strong tissues, the recoil stress does not lead to material expulsion. However, it can produce tissue tearing at the sides of the ablation crater as seen in Fig. 20(c). The cracks and tearing patterns arise preferentially along morphological structures with reduced mechanical strength such as the transitions between corneal lamellae, sinusoid spaces holding blood between plates of cells in liver tissue, and their orientation is also influenced by the weakness of the longitudinal strength of blood vessels compared to their circumferential strength [106]. Tissue tearing at the rim of ablation craters was not observed for skin due to its three-dimensional collagen network that results in an approximately isotropic UTS.
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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Applied physics at the “Dritte”
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noise component [GNE] 5 4 3 2 1 can
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3.4 Transfer to running speech Spee
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3.4.2 Analysis of running speech Sp
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Speech research 33 Area [Pixels] 60
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Speech research 35 [13] D. Michaeli
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Specific signal types in hearing re
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74 D. Ronneberger et al. Mechel fou
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76 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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78 D. Ronneberger et al. |t + acous
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80 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 6.
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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84 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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86 D. Ronneberger et al. R / L ⋅
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88 D. Ronneberger et al. e. g. temp
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90 D. Ronneberger et al. 3.2 Qualit
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92 D. Ronneberger et al. As usual t
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94 D. Ronneberger et al. (wavenumbe
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96 D. Ronneberger et al. powers of
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98 D. Ronneberger et al. an increas
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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156 W. Lauterborn et al. Pulse widt
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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168 W. Lauterborn et al. R [µ m] 1
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170 W. Lauterborn et al. [17] M. P.
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172 R. Mettin (a) (b) Figure 1. Bub
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174 R. Mettin 0 ms 2 mm 1 ms 2 ms 3
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176 R. Mettin important quantity ch
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178 R. Mettin 100 kPa 200 kPa | | F
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180 R. Mettin Figure 7. Trapped sin
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182 R. Mettin concentration of spec
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184 R. Mettin which is called the p
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186 R. Mettin R 02 [µm] R 02 [µm]
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188 R. Mettin constant to M a = 2π
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190 R. Mettin (a) p a [Pa] 140 120
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192 R. Mettin z [mm] 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
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194 R. Mettin Figure 17. Left: Expe
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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368 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends with
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370 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figur
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386 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends of th
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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