Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Proc. 135th ASA Conference (1998). [32] G. T. Camacho and M. Ortiz, ‘Computational Modelling of Impact Damage in Brittle Materials’, Int. J. Solids Struct. 20, 2899 (1966). [33] J. J. Rassweiler, K. U. Köhrmann, O. Seemann, R. Tschda, and P. M. Alken, Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management (Lippincott-Raven Publ., Philadelphia, 1996). Copyright notice: Figures 1 to 12 and Fig. 15 reused with permission from Ref. [14]; Figures 13 and 14 reused from Ref. [10], Copyright 2001 World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology; Figure 17 reused from Ref. [13], Copyright 2002 World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Oscillations, Waves and Interactions, pp. 217–258 edited by T. Kurz, U. Parlitz, and U. Kaatze Universitätsverlag Göttingen (2007) ISBN 978–3–938616–96–3 urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-verlag-1-09-7 Phase transitions, material ejection, and plume dynamics in pulsed laser ablation of soft biological tissues Alfred Vogel 1 , Ingo Apitz 1 , and Vasan Venugopalan 2 1 Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität Lübeck Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany 2 Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA 1 Introduction After the invention of the pulsed ruby laser by Maiman in 1960 it was anticipated that lasers would enable the cutting and removal of biological tissue with unprecedented precision and selectivity [1]. However, even though pulsed lasers were used within a few years for intraocular tissue coagulation, a clinically viable application of pulsed laser ablation was not reported until the early 1970’s. It would take until the 1980’s for lasers to be routinely used for ophthalmic dissection and ablation procedures [2,3]. In other medical sub-specialties routine laser use did not begin until the mid 1980’s. The delay between the invention of the laser and its successful clinical application was largely due to a lack of understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern laser–tissue interactions. Now, as we approach the 50th anniversary of the invention of the laser, the understanding of laser–tissue interactions has matured and procedures that employ pulsed laser radiation are not only present in nearly every medical sub-specialty but also in various biological fields. In the 1990’s, two books on laser–tissue interactions became available and serve as a valuable resource for the field [4,5]. However, a comprehensive review of the fundamental mechanisms involved in pulsed laser ablation of tissue appeared only very recently when Vogel and Venugopalan [6] presented a conceptual framework providing mechanistic links between various ablation applications and the underlying thermodynamic and phase change processes. The present article summarizes key elements of this analysis, with focus on the kinetics of rapid phase transitions in aqueous media and their modifications by the presence of a tissue matrix. The results obtained are then used to analyse the mechanisms of material ejection in pulsed laser tissue ablation and their consequences for ablation efficiency, precision, and collateral damage. Description of the ablation plume dynamics will be an essential part of this analysis because the composition of the plume reflects the kinetics of
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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Applied physics at the “Dritte”
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noise component [GNE] 5 4 3 2 1 can
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3.4 Transfer to running speech Spee
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3.4.2 Analysis of running speech Sp
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Speech research 33 Area [Pixels] 60
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Speech research 35 [13] D. Michaeli
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74 D. Ronneberger et al. Mechel fou
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78 D. Ronneberger et al. |t + acous
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80 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 6.
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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96 D. Ronneberger et al. powers of
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98 D. Ronneberger et al. an increas
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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266 K. D. Hinsch Figure 4. Deterior
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268 K. D. Hinsch Often, in-plane mo
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270 K. D. Hinsch Figure 7. Optical
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272 K. D. Hinsch Figure 9. Humidity
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274 K. D. Hinsch locations that tak
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276 K. D. Hinsch Figure 13. Map of
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278 K. D. Hinsch References [1] D.
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280 Schreiber not moving along with
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282 Schreiber These properties made
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284 Schreiber Figure 3. The G ring
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286 Schreiber Rotation Rate [rad/s]
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288 Schreiber and it is currently b
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290 Schreiber n1 D A B n Figure 8.
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292 Schreiber Beamwalk [µm] 80.0 7
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294 Schreiber ∆ Perimeter [*10e12
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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