Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser pulse 130 fs mirror 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 xenon flash lamp water−filled insonated cuvette long distance microscope blocking filter mirror diverter 01 01 01 01 01 01 CCD camera cooled PMT Figure 21. Experimental setup for studying the dynamics of laser-generated bubbles in an ultrasonic field. ble. Even at the rather moderate acoustic driving pressures (∼1.2 to 1.4 bar) used in stable single bubble sonoluminescence experiments a high degree of energy focussing is obtained, leading to temperatures at the bubble center in excess of 10000 K. By employing optic cavitation in a sound field, much higher acoustic pressures up to the cavitation threshold in the liquid can be utilized for driving the bubble. Then, under suitable conditions, the bubble’s energy available for collapse is mainly supplied by the sound field and not by the laser pulse, and is only limited by the maximum radius the bubble can grow to in the negative-pressure phase of the acoustic oscillation without getting unstable. As an example, in Fig. 22 the dynamics of a femtosecond-laser-generated bubble in water without acoustic excitation (top left) is compared with the case where a bubble generated with the same laser pulse parameters is exposed to a sound field of moderate amplitude (pa =159 kPa, right). Figure 22. Top: fs-laser-generated bubble in water without sound field. Frame separation: 200 ns, collapse time ≈ 2.2 µs, maximum bubble size ≈ 30 µm×55 µm. The bubble is elongated due to self-focussing of the laser pulse. Right: bubble generated at the same conditions in a sound field of pa ≈ 159 kPa and fa ≈ 44 kHz. Frame separation: 800 ns. Maximum bubble diameter ≈ 100 µm, collapse time ≈ 15 µs.
seeding phase [deg] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 The single bubble – a hot microlaboratory 159 350 0 5 10 time [ µ s] 15 20 Figure 23. Numerical simulation of the transient dynamics of a laser generated bubble as a function of seeding phase and time. The bubble radius has been calculated by the Gilmore model and is shown colour-coded, the initial conditions and sound field parameters are taken from the experiment as described in the text. For the phase interval where luminescence of transient bubbles can be observed in the experiment this calculation gives a peak radius that is larger than that of the steady oscillation. Because of the small laser pulse energy used in this experiment the non-driven bubble remains small and collapses shortly after its inception. Due to nonlinear optical effects it attains a cylindrical shape (see Sect. 3.1). Such a bubble does not emit any detectable luminescence light. The driven bubble is generated at the beginning of the negative-pressure phase. In the presence of sound the bubble grows significantly larger and becomes more spherical. The maximum radius that can be obtained for a given driving level depends, of course, on the instant of bubble inception relative to the pressure cycle, the seeding phase ϕs 1 . Figure 23 shows a numerical simulation of the first transient oscillation cycle of a laser-generated bubble as a function of seeding phase based on the Gilmore model. The bubble’s initial conditions have been taken from the corresponding experiment and are the same for all phase values [27]. Around ϕs ≈ 220 ◦ the simulation yields a particularly large maximum radius as the bubble is optimally expanded by the sound field and the laser pulse energy is utilized as well. For seeding phases of ϕs < 180 the bubble behaviour is different. Because of the overpressure now acting on the bubble just generated, it collapses quickly and stays small until the sound field creates tension to expand it again. For ϕ → 0 1 The seeding phase is defined to be zero at the beginning of the positive-pressure phase of the sound field. radius [10 µ m]
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Thomas Kurz, Ulrich Parlitz, and Ud
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erschienen im Universitätsverlag G
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Bibliographische Information der De
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iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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Oscillations, Waves and Interaction
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Applied physics at the “Dritte”
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noise component [GNE] 5 4 3 2 1 can
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3.4 Transfer to running speech Spee
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3.4.2 Analysis of running speech Sp
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Speech research 33 Area [Pixels] 60
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Speech research 35 [13] D. Michaeli
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Specific signal types in hearing re
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74 D. Ronneberger et al. Mechel fou
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76 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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78 D. Ronneberger et al. |t + acous
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80 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 6.
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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84 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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96 D. Ronneberger et al. powers of
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98 D. Ronneberger et al. an increas
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100 D. Ronneberger et al. The term
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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214 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze 6
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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Pr
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218 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopa
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260 K. D. Hinsch Generally, any of
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262 K. D. Hinsch Figure 1. Monitori
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264 K. D. Hinsch Figure 3. ESPI stu
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266 K. D. Hinsch Figure 4. Deterior
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268 K. D. Hinsch Often, in-plane mo
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270 K. D. Hinsch Figure 7. Optical
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272 K. D. Hinsch Figure 9. Humidity
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276 K. D. Hinsch Figure 13. Map of
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278 K. D. Hinsch References [1] D.
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280 Schreiber not moving along with
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282 Schreiber These properties made
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284 Schreiber Figure 3. The G ring
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286 Schreiber Rotation Rate [rad/s]
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288 Schreiber and it is currently b
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290 Schreiber n1 D A B n Figure 8.
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292 Schreiber Beamwalk [µm] 80.0 7
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294 Schreiber ∆ Perimeter [*10e12
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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368 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends with
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370 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figur
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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