Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

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4 M. R. Schroeder, D. Guicking and U. Kaatze Reverberation room.
Applied physics at the “Dritte” 5 Sound diffusion in small and large rooms, radio studios as well as concert halls, was investigated by Rolf Thiele, whose results were made visible by a “Schalligel” (“sound hedgehog”) giving the different sound intensities in different spatial directions [7]. Meyer and Thiele also introduced the concept of “Deutlichkeit” (definition), the sound energy in the first 50 milliseconds of the impulse response [8]. In general, there was a world-wide interest to supplement reverberation time by other physical parameters to characterise the acoustic quality of performance spaces. One of these criteria, favoured in the early 1950s, was the so-called “frequencyirregularity” of the sound transmission between source (on the stage) and a listener’s ears. Experimental results obtained by Heinrich Kuttruff and Rolf Thiele [9] in the Herkulessaal in Munich (and other concert halls) showed that the number of maxima of the frequency response did not correspond to the number of normal modes (resonances) – as posited by a faulty theory by Bolt – but was actually more than a thousand times less. This astonishing result was explained by a statistical theory by Manfred Schroeder, then a post-doc at the institute [10]. This theory showed that the frequency response (sound pressure and phase as functions of frequency) is, approximately, a complex Gaussian process. As a result, the average distance between maxima above a critical frequency (“Schroeder frequency”) is fully determined by the (reciprocal) reverberation time – thus not affording the much sought-after new quality parameter. Beside measurements in actual rooms, scale models were also studied. Following Meyer’s inclination to consider sound waves and electromagnetic waves simultaneously, microwave models were also included. Schroeder could show that the distribution of the frequencies and excitations of the normal electromagnetic modes in metallic cavities were highly irregular – even for very small deviations from the symmetry of a perfectly rectangular space, such as a cube [11]. Thus, for all practical purposes in room acoustics, the normal modes (resonances) can be considered completely random. Fundamental investigations, such as on the perception of “echoes”, were also conducted. For this purpose, the attic of the “white house” on Bürgerstraße was converted into a makeshift “anechoic” space. Later a large Reflexionsfreier Raum (“freespace room”) was constructed, which – unique in the world – was also designed to be nearly free from reflections for microwaves to facilitate free-space measurements with electromagnetic waves [12]. Also a large reverberation room (“Hallraum”) was built which, again, was reverberant for both sound waves and electromagnetic waves [13]. In 1963, Meyer and Kuttruff studied the reflective properties of the ceiling of Philharmonic Hall in New York by means of a scale model leading to an explanation of the observed low-frequency deficiency in the actual hall [14]. In the early 1970s, in a large study of concert hall quality, Dieter Gottlob, Manfred Schroeder, and Karl- Friedrich Siebrasse – on the basis of measurements in 22 concert halls in Europe – showed that the lack of early lateral reflections in many modern halls with low ceilings and wide (fan-shaped) ground plan was the main culprit [15]. To counteract this deficiency, Schroeder conceived, after 1975, sound-diffusing structures (“reflection phase gratings”) based on number-theoretic principles [16], which have found broad acceptance in room acoustics. At the same time, Schroeder proposed a new method of accurately measuring reverberation times by “backward integration” of the (squared)
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Page 8 and 9: iv Contents Laser speckle metrology
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82 D. Ronneberger et al. Figure 8.
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84 D. Ronneberger et al. (flow velo
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102 D. Ronneberger et al. Neverthel
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104 D. Ronneberger et al. [4] J. Br
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106 D. Ronneberger et al. strömung
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108 D. Guicking synchronised tuning
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110 D. Guicking primary noise micro
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112 D. Guicking primary sensor desi
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114 D. Guicking by an antiphase sou
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116 D. Guicking R L C C + + 1 1−C
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118 D. Guicking More involved than
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120 D. Guicking In the 1980s, longi
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122 D. Guicking with electrodynamic
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124 D. Guicking 3.6 Noise reduction
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126 D. Guicking the turbulence of a
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128 D. Guicking References [1] Lord
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130 D. Guicking [44] Falcke, H.,
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132 D. Guicking [84] J. Melcher,
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134 D. Guicking [125] D. Heyland et
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136 D. Guicking [166] S. Zommer et
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138 D. Guicking [212] M. L. Post an
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140 W. Lauterborn et al. liquid κ
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142 W. Lauterborn et al. Figure 2.
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144 W. Lauterborn et al. nator, and
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146 W. Lauterborn et al. by types a
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148 W. Lauterborn et al. bubble rad
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154 W. Lauterborn et al. P koll [kb
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156 W. Lauterborn et al. Pulse widt
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158 W. Lauterborn et al. laser puls
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168 W. Lauterborn et al. R [µ m] 1
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170 W. Lauterborn et al. [17] M. P.
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172 R. Mettin (a) (b) Figure 1. Bub
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174 R. Mettin 0 ms 2 mm 1 ms 2 ms 3
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176 R. Mettin important quantity ch
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178 R. Mettin 100 kPa 200 kPa | | F
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180 R. Mettin Figure 7. Trapped sin
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182 R. Mettin concentration of spec
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184 R. Mettin which is called the p
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186 R. Mettin R 02 [µm] R 02 [µm]
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188 R. Mettin constant to M a = 2π
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190 R. Mettin (a) p a [Pa] 140 120
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192 R. Mettin z [mm] 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
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194 R. Mettin Figure 17. Left: Expe
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196 R. Mettin - a hot microlaborato
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198 R. Mettin [52] R. Mettin, C.-D.
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200 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Th
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202 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Fi
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214 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze 6
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216 W. Eisenmenger and U. Kaatze Pr
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218 A. Vogel, I. Apitz, V. Venugopa
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260 K. D. Hinsch Generally, any of
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262 K. D. Hinsch Figure 1. Monitori
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264 K. D. Hinsch Figure 3. ESPI stu
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266 K. D. Hinsch Figure 4. Deterior
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268 K. D. Hinsch Often, in-plane mo
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270 K. D. Hinsch Figure 7. Optical
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272 K. D. Hinsch Figure 9. Humidity
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274 K. D. Hinsch locations that tak
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276 K. D. Hinsch Figure 13. Map of
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278 K. D. Hinsch References [1] D.
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280 Schreiber not moving along with
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282 Schreiber These properties made
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284 Schreiber Figure 3. The G ring
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286 Schreiber Rotation Rate [rad/s]
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288 Schreiber and it is currently b
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290 Schreiber n1 D A B n Figure 8.
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292 Schreiber Beamwalk [µm] 80.0 7
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294 Schreiber ∆ Perimeter [*10e12
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296 Schreiber and the last term acc
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298 Schreiber Δf [µHz] 100 50 0 -
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300 Schreiber formation of a new wo
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302 Schreiber PSD [*10 16 (rad/s) 2
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304 Schreiber 7.2 The ring laser co
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306 Schreiber Demodulator Signal [V
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308 Schreiber Est. Phase Vel. (m/s)
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310 Schreiber [18] V. Frede and V.
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312 Martin Dressel tice is reduced
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314 Martin Dressel Metallic whisker
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316 Martin Dressel (a) (b) (c) CH 3
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318 Martin Dressel 3.1 Charge densi
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320 Martin Dressel Absorptivity σ
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322 Martin Dressel brought a confir
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324 Martin Dressel a charge disprop
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326 Martin Dressel Conductivity 70
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328 Martin Dressel Reflectivity Con
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330 Martin Dressel References [1] M
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332 Martin Dressel and L. Montgomer
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334 R. Pottel, J. Haller and U. Kaa
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368 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends with
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370 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Figur
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386 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends of th
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398 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [6] M
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400 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends [49]
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402 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends (2002
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404 U. Kaatze and R. Behrends Copyr
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406 U. Parlitz here chaos control m
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408 U. Parlitz Figure 2. Amplitude
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410 U. Parlitz 4 10 5 5 (a) (b) (c)
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412 U. Parlitz two-parameter studie
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414 U. Parlitz GN differential opti
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416 U. Parlitz P 1 P 2 P 3 S P 1 P
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418 U. Parlitz Figure 9. Correlatio
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420 U. Parlitz series” where for
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422 U. Parlitz current state future
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424 U. Parlitz tion [69] of two uni
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426 U. Parlitz LD1 LD2 M BS1 BS2 OD
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428 U. Parlitz with a clear tendenc
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430 U. Parlitz (a) y (c) y 40 20 È
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432 U. Parlitz [29] P. Grassberger,
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434 U. Parlitz [76] H. D. I. Abarba
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436 S. Lakämper and C. F. Schmidt
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462 Index basin of attraction, 144
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464 Index cone bubble structure, 19
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466 Index turbulent, 111, 126 fluct
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468 Index LPC, 29 luminescence of b
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470 Index peak factor, 38, 43 Peier
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472 Index laser-induced bubble, 152
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474 Index ultraharmonic resonance,
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