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they’re relatively stable across a

lifespan. Those who take this view

stand on broad shoulders: Hippocrates,

Milton, Schopenhauer, Jung, and more

recently the prophets of fMRI machines

and skin conductance tests.

On the other side of the debate are a

group of psychologists known as the

Situationists. Situationism posits that

our generalizations about people, including

the words we use to describe

one another—shy, aggressive, conscientious,

agreeable—are misleading. There

is no core self; there are only the various

selves of Situations X, Y, and Z. The

Situationist view rose to prominence in

1968 when the psychologist Walter

Mischel published Personality and

Assessment, challenging the idea of

fixed personality traits. Mischel argued

that situational factors predict the

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