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We gaze reverently at the fMRI scanner,

which looks like a gleaming rocketship

lying on its side. Schwartz explains

that he asks his subjects—who

are in their late teens—to lie down with

their heads in the scanner while they

look at photographs of faces and the

machine tracks how their brains respond.

He’s especially interested in

activity in the amygdala—the same

powerful organ inside the brain that

Kagan found played such an important

role in shaping some introverts’ and extroverts’

personalities.

Schwartz is Kagan’s colleague and

protégé, and his work picks up just

where Kagan’s longitudinal studies of

personality left off. The infants Kagan

once categorized as high- and low-reactive

have now grown up, and

Schwartz is using the fMRI machine to

peer inside their brains. Kagan followed

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