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from twin studies show that

introversion-extroversion is only 40 to

50 percent heritable. This means that,

in a group of people, on average half of

the variability in introversion-extroversion

is caused by genetic factors. To

make things even more complex, there

are probably many genes at work, and

Kagan’s framework of high reactivity is

likely one of many physiological routes

to introversion. Also, averages are

tricky. A heritability rate of 50 percent

doesn’t necessarily mean that my introversion

is 50 percent inherited from my

parents, or that half of the difference in

extroversion between my best friend

and me is genetic. One hundred percent

of my introversion might come from

genes, or none at all—or more likely

some unfathomable combination of

genes and experience. To ask whether

it’s nature or nurture, says Kagan, is

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