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share only 50 percent of their genes on

average. So if you measure introversion

or extroversion levels in pairs of twins

and find more correlation in identical

twins than in fraternal pairs—which

scientists do, in study after study, even

of twins raised in separate households—you

can reasonably conclude

that the trait has some genetic basis.

None of these studies is perfect, but

the results have consistently suggested

that introversion and extroversion, like

other major personality traits such as

agreeableness and conscientiousness,

are about 40 to 50 percent heritable.

But are biological explanations for introversion

wholly satisfying? When I

first read Kagan’s book Galen’s

Prophecy, I was so excited that I

couldn’t sleep. Here, inside these pages,

were my friends, my family, myself—all

of humanity, in fact!—neatly sorted

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