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limbs (or staying calm) in response to

popping balloons. The high-reactive babies

were not misanthropes in the making;

they were simply sensitive to their

environments.

Indeed, the sensitivity of these children’s

nervous systems seems to be

linked not only to noticing scary things,

but to noticing in general. High-reactive

children pay what one psychologist

calls “alert attention” to people and

things. They literally use more eye

movements than others to compare

choices before making a decision. It’s as

if they process more deeply—sometimes

consciously, sometimes not—the

information they take in about the

world. In one early series of studies,

Kagan asked a group of first-graders to

play a visual matching game. Each

child was shown a picture of a teddy

bear sitting on a chair, alongside six

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