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is a child’s sensitivity to novelty in general,

not just to people.

High- and low-reactivity are probably

not the only biological routes to introversion

and extroversion. There are

plenty of introverts who do not have

the sensitivity of a classic high-reactive,

and a small percentage of high-reactives

grow up to be extroverts. Still,

Kagan’s decades-long series of discoveries

mark a dramatic breakthrough in

our understanding of these personality

styles—including the value judgments

we make. Extroverts are sometimes

credited with being “pro-social”—meaning

caring about others—and

introverts disparaged as

people who don’t like people. But the

reactions of the infants in Kagan’s tests

had nothing to do with people. These

babies were shouting (or not shouting)

over Q-tips. They were pumping their

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