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introverts—just the opposite—but because

they had nervous systems that

were unmoved by novelty.

The more reactive a child’s amygdala,

the higher his heart rate is likely

to be, the more widely dilated his eyes,

the tighter his vocal cords, the more

cortisol (a stress hormone) in his

saliva—the more jangled he’s likely to

feel when he confronts something new

and stimulating. As high-reactive infants

grow up, they continue to confront

the unknown in many different

contexts, from visiting an amusement

park for the first time to meeting new

classmates on the first day of kindergarten.

We tend to notice most a child’s

reaction to unfamiliar people—how

does he behave on the first day of

school? Does she seem uncertain at

birthday parties full of kids she doesn’t

know? But what we’re really observing

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