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signals through the body that trigger

the fight-or-flight response. When the

Frisbee looks like it’s headed straight

for your nose, it’s your amygdala that

tells you to duck. When the rattlesnake

prepares to bite, it’s the amygdala that

makes sure you run.

Kagan hypothesized that infants born

with an especially excitable amygdala

would wiggle and howl when shown

unfamiliar objects—and grow up to be

children who were more likely to feel

vigilant when meeting new people. And

this is just what he found. In other

words, the four-month-olds who

thrashed their arms like punk rockers

did so not because they were extroverts

in the making, but because their little

bodies reacted strongly—they were

“high-reactive”—to new sights, sounds,

and smells. The quiet infants were silent

not because they were future

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