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temperature, and other properties of

the nervous system. Kagan chose these

measures because they’re believed to be

controlled by a potent organ inside the

brain called the amygdala. The amygdala

is located deep in the limbic system,

an ancient brain network found

even in primitive animals like mice and

rats. This network—sometimes called

the “emotional brain”—underlies many

of the basic instincts we share with

these animals, such as appetite, sex

drive, and fear.

The amygdala serves as the brain’s

emotional switchboard, receiving information

from the senses and then signaling

the rest of the brain and nervous

system how to respond. One of its functions

is to instantly detect new or

threatening things in the environment—from

an airborne Frisbee to a

hissing serpent—and send rapid-fire

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