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after cultural influence and personal experience

are thrown into the mix. Some

say that temperament is the foundation,

and personality is the building. Kagan’s

work helped link certain infant temperaments

with adolescent personality

styles like those of Tom and Ralph.

296/929

But how did Kagan know that the armthrashing

infants would likely turn into

cautious, reflective teens like Tom, or

that the quiet babies were more likely

to become forthright, too-cool-forschool

Ralphs? The answer lies in their

physiologies.

In addition to observing the children’s

behaviors in strange situations,

Kagan’s team measured their heart

rates, blood pressure, finger

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