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About 20 percent cried lustily and

pumped their arms and legs. Kagan

called this group “high-reactive.” About

40 percent stayed quiet and placid,

moving their arms or legs occasionally,

but without all the dramatic limbpumping.

This group Kagan called

“low-reactive.” The remaining 40 percent

fell between these two extremes.

In a startlingly counterintuitive hypothesis,

Kagan predicted that it was the

infants in the high-reactive group—the

lusty arm-pumpers—who were most

likely to grow into quiet teenagers.

When they were two, four, seven,

and eleven years old, many of the children

returned to Kagan’s lab for followup

testing of their reactions to new

people and events. At the age of two,

the children met a lady wearing a gas

mask and a lab coat, a man dressed in a

clown costume, and a radio-controlled

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