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For one of those studies, launched in

1989 and still ongoing, Professor Kagan

and his team gathered five hundred

four-month-old infants in his Laboratory

for Child Development at Harvard,

predicting they’d be able to tell, on the

strength of a forty-five-minute evaluation,

which babies were more likely to

turn into introverts or extroverts. If

you’ve seen a four-month-old baby

lately, this may seem an audacious

claim. But Kagan had been studying

temperament for a long time, and he

had a theory.

Kagan and his team exposed the fourmonth-olds

to a carefully chosen set of

new experiences. The infants heard

tape-recorded voices and balloons popping,

saw colorful mobiles dance before

their eyes, and inhaled the scent of alcohol

on cotton swabs. They had wildly

varying reactions to the new stimuli.

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