richard_dawkins_-_the_god_delusion
358 THE GOD DELUSIONare most afraid of death are the religious ones. Her observationwould need to be substantiated statistically but, assuming she isright, what is going on here? Whatever it is, it doesn't, on the faceof it, speak strongly of religion's power to comfort the dying.* Inthe case of Catholics, maybe they are afraid of purgatory? Thesaintly Cardinal Hume said farewell to a friend in these words:'Well, goodbye then. See you in purgatory, I suppose.' What /suppose is that there was a sceptical twinkle in those kind old eyes.The doctrine of purgatory offers a preposterous revelation of theway the theological mind works. Purgatory is a sort of divine EllisIsland, a Hadean waiting room where dead souls go if their sinsaren't bad enough to send them to hell, but they still need a bit ofremedial checking out and purifying before they can be admitted tothe sin-free-zone of heaven. In medieval times, the Church usedto sell 'indulgences' for money. This amounted to paying for somenumber of days' remission from purgatory, and the Church literally(and with breathtaking presumption) issued signed certificatesspecifying the number of days off that had been purchased. TheRoman Catholic Church is an institution for whose gainsthe phrase 'ill-gotten' might have been specially invented. And of allits money-making rip-offs, the selling of indulgences must surelyrank among the greatest con tricks in history, the medieval equivalentof the Nigerian Internet scam but far more successful.As recently as 1903, Pope Pius X was still able to tabulate thenumber of days' remission from purgatory that each rank inthe hierarchy was entitled to grant: cardinals two hundred days,archbishops a hundred days, bishops a mere fifty days. By his time,however, indulgences were no longer sold directly for money. Evenin the Middle Ages, money was not the only currency in which youcould buy parole from purgatory. You could pay in prayers too,either your own before death or the prayers of others on yourbehalf, after your death. And money could buy prayers. If you wererich, you could lay down provision for your soul in perpetuity. Myown Oxford College, New College, was founded in 1379 (it wasnew then) by one of that century's great philanthropists, William ofWykeham, Bishop of Winchester. A medieval bishop could become* An Australian friend coined a wonderful phrase to describe the tendency for religiosityto increase in old age. Say it with an Australian intonation, going up at theend like a question: 'Cramming for the final?'
A MUCH NEEDED GAP! 359the Bill Gates of the age, controlling the equivalent of the informationhighway (to God), and amassing huge riches. His diocese wasexceptionally large, and Wykeham used his wealth and influence tofound two great educational establishments, one in Winchester andone in Oxford. Education was important to Wykeham, but, in thewords of the official New College history, published in 1979 tomark the sixth centenary, the fundamental purpose of the collegewas 'as a great chantry to make intercession for the repose of hissoul. He provided for the service of the chapel by ten chaplains,three clerks and sixteen choristers, and he ordered that they alonewere to be retained if the college's income failed.' Wykeham leftNew College in the hands of the Fellowship, a self-electing bodywhich has been continuously in existence like a single organism formore than six hundred years. Presumably he trusted us to continueto pray for his soul through the centuries.Today the college has only one chaplain* and no clerks, and thesteady century-by-century torrent of prayers for Wykeham inpurgatory has dwindled to a trickle of two prayers per year. Thechoristers alone go from strength to strength and their music is,indeed, magical. Even I feel a twinge of guilt, as a member of thatFellowship, for a trust betrayed. In the understanding of his owntime, Wykeham was doing the equivalent of a rich man todaymaking a large down payment to a cryogenics company whichguarantees to freeze your body and keep it insulated from earthquakes,civil disorder, nuclear war and other hazards, until somefuture time when medical science has learned how to unfreeze itand cure whatever disease it was dying of. Are we later Fellows ofNew College reneging on a contract with our Founder? If so, we arein good company. Hundreds of medieval benefactors died trustingthat their heirs, well paid to do so, would pray for them inpurgatory. I can't help wondering what proportion of Europe'smedieval treasures of art and architecture started out as down paymentson eternity, in trusts now betrayed.But what really fascinates me about the doctrine of purgatory isthe evidence that theologians have advanced for it: evidence sospectacularly weak that it renders even more comical the airy confidencewith which it is asserted. The entry on purgatory in theCatholic Encyclopedia has a section called 'proofs'. The essential* Female - what would Bishop William have made of that?
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358 THE GOD DELUSION
are most afraid of death are the religious ones. Her observation
would need to be substantiated statistically but, assuming she is
right, what is going on here? Whatever it is, it doesn't, on the face
of it, speak strongly of religion's power to comfort the dying.* In
the case of Catholics, maybe they are afraid of purgatory? The
saintly Cardinal Hume said farewell to a friend in these words:
'Well, goodbye then. See you in purgatory, I suppose.' What /
suppose is that there was a sceptical twinkle in those kind old eyes.
The doctrine of purgatory offers a preposterous revelation of the
way the theological mind works. Purgatory is a sort of divine Ellis
Island, a Hadean waiting room where dead souls go if their sins
aren't bad enough to send them to hell, but they still need a bit of
remedial checking out and purifying before they can be admitted to
the sin-free-zone of heaven. In medieval times, the Church used
to sell 'indulgences' for money. This amounted to paying for some
number of days' remission from purgatory, and the Church literally
(and with breathtaking presumption) issued signed certificates
specifying the number of days off that had been purchased. The
Roman Catholic Church is an institution for whose gains
the phrase 'ill-gotten' might have been specially invented. And of all
its money-making rip-offs, the selling of indulgences must surely
rank among the greatest con tricks in history, the medieval equivalent
of the Nigerian Internet scam but far more successful.
As recently as 1903, Pope Pius X was still able to tabulate the
number of days' remission from purgatory that each rank in
the hierarchy was entitled to grant: cardinals two hundred days,
archbishops a hundred days, bishops a mere fifty days. By his time,
however, indulgences were no longer sold directly for money. Even
in the Middle Ages, money was not the only currency in which you
could buy parole from purgatory. You could pay in prayers too,
either your own before death or the prayers of others on your
behalf, after your death. And money could buy prayers. If you were
rich, you could lay down provision for your soul in perpetuity. My
own Oxford College, New College, was founded in 1379 (it was
new then) by one of that century's great philanthropists, William of
Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester. A medieval bishop could become
* An Australian friend coined a wonderful phrase to describe the tendency for religiosity
to increase in old age. Say it with an Australian intonation, going up at the
end like a question: 'Cramming for the final?'