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cfpFbf] u|Lid Ct'df d]/f c;+Vo cfkmGthg e]6 x'g] sNkgfaf6g} d xlif{t ePsf] 5' . o;kflnsf] PS;6gk]lgl;neflgofdf 5f]/L /rgf / HjfO{ ;fx]a ladn;+u x'g] e]6 ;fy–;fy}, 8f= uf]kfn axfb'/ >]i7 – -hf]cd]/Lsfdf ;g\ !(&@ df klxnf] k6s lj/uh+af6 cfPkl5 olx+ :yflkt ePsf lyP _ ;+u e]6 x'g]5 .h'g @), @)!) df d]/LNof08df x'g] eflgh dlgif / :g]tf sIfkltsf] ljjfxdf lj/uh+b]lv uf]kfn bfO{cfp+b} x'g'x'G5 eg]/ h]=Pg=o" , lbNnLdf k9\g] eflgh ;'lbkn] ;'gfp+bf ;'gdf ;'uGw yk] h:t} eof] . h]xf];\ of] kfl/jfl/s hd36 d]/f] nflu Ps clj:d/0fLo If0f aGof] .d]/f] dl:tisdf kl/jf/nfO{ e]6\g] pT;fx nuQ} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] ;Demgf eof], h'g lyof] – d]/f] tLj|rfxgf Pp6f o:tf] JolStTjnfO{ e]6\g] h;n] g]jfM efiff, z}nL, snf / k/Dk/fnfO{ phfu/ ug{ w]/} ;/fxGfLo sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . kf]6{Nof08, cf]/]ug af6 k|sflzt x'g] g]jfM lj1fg, h'g hf]g{n ckm\ g]jfM :68Lhgfdn] bzsf}+b]lv kl/lrt /lxcfPsf] 5, / o;sf] k5f8L tLg} JolQsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . xf], d log}nfO{e]6\g lgs} nfnflot 5' . x'gt w]/}h;f] g]jf/x?nfO{ o; cj;/wgL e'ldnfO{ sd{ynf] agfO{, o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] uGtJo agfpg' / t];|f] k':tf olx+ hGdg', x's{g' 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og t/ o;} s|Dfdf pgLx?n] ljz]if u/Lcfkm\gf] dft[efiff la;{g' ;d]t klg s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . l;lSsddf a;]sf g]jf/x?nfO{ g]jfM efiffsf] hu]gf{ ug{ ufx|f] eO/x]sf] 5, t/ pgLx? dWo] s;}n] o;sf] hu]gf{ / pTyfgsf] efjgf /fVg' ;/fxGfLo sfo{ xf]. o; ljb]zL df6f]df cfO{ lhljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu ;3+if{ ug'{sf ;fy–;fy} g]jfM snf–;flxTo, efiffnfO{ hu]gf{ ug'{ lgs} r'gf}tLk'0f{ / ;fx;L sfd xf] . o:t} lj/nf, ;fx;L / cd'No JolStTj x'g\ – bof /Tg zfSo .@)!) dO{ #) df d]/LNof08sf] kf]6f]Dofs sDo'lg6L ;]G6/df Newah Organization of America(NOA) åf/f cfof]lht gjf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf dnfO{ ljz]if cltlysf] ?kdf cfdlGqt ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}n] klg bof /Tg zfSonfO{ e]6\g w]/} ;do nfu]g . bofn] dnfO{ World NewahOrganization (WNO) sf] c? ;fyLx?;+u kl/lrt u/fpg x]o dfs]{6 df lqe'jg t'nfw/sf] 3/df/fqLef]hsf] nflu cfdGq0f u/]sf lyP . t/ d To; /fqLef]hdf ;xefuL x'g ;lsg .Df}n] bofsf] nflu hojL/ v'nfnåf/f lnlvt /x:osf] s'/f] Ps M ;3+if{ uf]v]{ va/ sfut –lxdfno bk0f{,l;lnu'8L –dfr{ @), @))^_ sf] klqsfsf] efu –lxdfno bk{0f, l;lnu'8L, dfr{ @), @))^_ / pgsf];+be{ ;flxToM sflnDkf]u+ -!(*#, pkf;s k|sfzg sflnDkf]u+_ eGg] ;flxlTos /rgf ;fy} NofPsf] lyP .pgn] cS6f]a/ !, !(@^ uf]v]{ va/ sfutsf] b'O{j6f n]v /rgf k'gMk|sflzt u/]sf /x]5g\ . tL dWo] Pp6fk|zdfg k|wfgåf/f lnlvt uhn - cS6f]a/ !, !(!^_ / bf];|f] ;]s|]6/L h]=jL= vqLåf/f cu:t @, !(@^df lnlvt uf]vf{ lnu, b]x/fb'gsf] k|]; lj1lKt x'g\ . g]kfndf kq klqsf k|sflzt ug]{ Oltxf; cf}+Nofpg]s|ddf pgn] df]tL/fd eÝnfO{ ;g\ !*^^ df kq klqsf k|sflzt ug]{ k|yd JolSt dfg]sf 5g\ t/ o;sf]s'g} k|df0f gePsf] x'+bf ls|l:6Pg ldl;g/Lhn] k|sflzt ug]{ uf]v]{ va/ sfutnfO{ dflgg' k5{ eGg] wf/0ffJoSt ul/Psf] klg 5 .o;sf ;fy–;fy} pgn] ;g\ !*(( -lj=;+ !(%%, ;fpg_ sf] ;'wf;fu/ klxnf] klqsf eg]/ g]kfnL ;flx-Tosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;sf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|f= df]xg /fh zdf{n] uf]v]{ va/ sfutnfO{ rf}yf]7fp+df /flvPsf] unt 7x/ ub}{ o; klqsf lj=;+ !(%* h]i7 # sf uf]/vfkq k|sflzt x'g l7s !%$lbg cl3 k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . v'nfnn] j0f{g u/] cg';f/ To;a]nf g]kfnL ;flxTosf b'O{dxfk'?ifsf] jfs o'4 rn]sf] lyof] h'ga]nf kf/;dl0f k|wfgn] ;g\ !(!* df rlGb|sfsf] z'?jft u/]sf lyP. o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] efiff u+uf k|;fb k|wfgn] k|of]u u/] eGbf leGg lyof] . x'gt u+uf k|;fb k|wfgn]o;nfO{ æsfzLefif] af]nLÆ – sfzL / agf/;df af]lng] efiff elgPsf] 5 . To;}n] clxn]sf] g]kfnL efiffsf]!
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To;}n] pgn]cfkm\gf] n]vdf efh'/Tg kl/jf/ -kl5 l;lSsd / l6a]6df :ofd'sfk'sf] gfdn] k|Voft _, k'0f{dfg ;fx',lhtdfg ;fx', efO{ rGb k|wfg / d]/f] a'af ho z+s/ nfn >]i7 -!(!&–@))#_, wdf]{bo ;+u /fd|f] lrgfhfgL/x]sf] ljifodf klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(%) sf] z'?jftdf xfd|f] kl/jf/sf] xl/ Z+fs/nfn / /fdz+s/nfnnfO{ g]kfnn] -!**&_n] k|d'v s]Gb« g]kfnL sf]7L ckm rf}vDaf h'g sf]8fdn ef]h/fh ejg eGbf!) dfOn 6f9f 5, o;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . clxn] of] dfbf{ u|'ksf] afns[i0f bf; Zofd/tgbf; k|d'vJofkfl/s s]Gb« ag]sf] 5 . rLgn] ltAat sAhf u/]kl5 gy'nf / h]n]knfsf] Jofkfl/s l;dfgf aGb eof] /o;n] ubf{ Jofkf/ klg 7Kk eof] / xfdL /]gsdf ;of}{+ . o;}sf/0f d]/f] ljjfxklg tS;f/L kl/jf/ /fo ;fxa/Tg axfb'/ k|wfgsf] kl/jf/df eof]. d]/f] ;fv'F–lsnfun–jL/u+h–a]ltxf–ldhf{k'/–a]gf/; af6 l;lSsd;Ddsf] ;km/ ;ft ljleGg 7fpFsf] / tLg k':tfsf] /x\of] . d]/f] a'afn] !($) df snsQf o'lgel;{6Laf6sd;{df :gfsf]Q/ u/]sf lyP, cfkm\gf] hLjg x]8df:6/sf] kb lnP/ latfPsf] s'/f lgs} uj{sf] ljifo xf] .d]/f] ljrf/df c?nfO{ k]|l/t ug{ cl3 cfkm}+ k]|l/t x'gk5{ . bof o:tf JolStdf kb{5g\ hf] cfkm}+df k]|l/t 5g\h'g nfdf] /];sf] 3f]8f x'g\ h;n] of] df}sfn] el/Psf] b]zdf s]xLug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] egfO{ e'm7\ofpg ;S5g\. ;+;f/ el/sf g]jfM x?sf] WNO sf] tkfO{sf] ;fydf 5 . tkfO{n] g} g]jfM x?sf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{nfO{ s]xLug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . To;}n] cfsfzsf] km}nfj6df sdL xf]nf t/ tkfO{sf] k|oTgsf] s'g} l;dfgf x'Gg .%k|d'v cfwf/ x'gk5{ eGg] dfGotf 5 . kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf efO{ z]ifdl0f k|wfgn] hgj/L !(#) sf] cfbz{dfuf]v]{ va/ sfutsf] k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} l;nf]Ëdf !(#% sf uf]vf{ ;]jsdf k|sflzt ePsf] n]vdf oLb'O{ JolStTjnfO{ v'nf ?kn] cfkm\gf] jfs o'4 aGb ug{ r]tfjgL klg lbOPsf] 5 . v'nfnnfO{ bof /Tg zfSocd]l/sfdf h8f ;dfP/ a;]sf]n] o; s[\/fsf] v[\nf;f xf]; eGg] rfxgf klxn] b]lvg} lyof] . o;sf] ;TotYo hfFr ug{ g]kfnL ;flxTo cWoog ;ldlt / pkf;s j|b;{nfO{ lhDdf klg nufPsf] lyof] . sdndl0flblIftn] uf]v]{ va/ sfutsf] k|sflzt ;+Vof dWo] !& j6f c+s cfkm\gf] dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnodf /x]sf] 7x/ u/]klg lblIft;Fu ePsf] ;a} klqsf k|fKt ePsf] rflx+ xf]Og . o; afx]s c? cs+ klg x'gkg]{ ;+efjgf w]/} /x]sf] t/ of] lsg ;a}sf] ;fd' cfPg eGg] k|Zg cem} cg'Ql/t 5 / o;sf] k5fl8 s] cf}lrTo 5 eGg] sf/0f cem} /x:osf] ue{df g} n's]sf] 5 . 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5Fu[\ ;j]If{0fÆ– A survey on Newah Language in India !(*@df k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ .
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;Ddsf] ;km/ ;ft ljleGg 7fpFsf] / tLg k':tfsf] /x\of] . d]/f] a'afn] !($) df snsQf o'lgel;{6Laf6
sd;{df :gfsf]Q/ u/]sf lyP, cfkm\gf] hLjg x]8df:6/sf] kb lnP/ latfPsf] s'/f lgs} uj{sf] ljifo xf] .
d]/f] ljrf/df c?nfO{ k]|l/t ug{ cl3 cfkm}+ k]|l/t x'gk5{ . bof o:tf JolStdf kb{5g\ hf] cfkm}+df k]|l/t 5g\
h'g nfdf] /];sf] 3f]8f x'g\ h;n] of] df}sfn] el/Psf] b]zdf s]xLug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] egfO{ e'm7\ofpg ;S5g\
. ;+;f/ el/sf g]jfM x?sf] WNO sf] tkfO{sf] ;fydf 5 . tkfO{n] g} g]jfM x?sf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{nfO{ s]xL
ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . To;}n] cfsfzsf] km}nfj6df sdL xf]nf t/ tkfO{sf] k|oTgsf] s'g} l;dfgf x'Gg .
%
k|d'v cfwf/ x'gk5{ eGg] dfGotf 5 . kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf efO{ z]ifdl0f k|wfgn] hgj/L !(#) sf] cfbz{df
uf]v]{ va/ sfutsf] k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} l;nf]Ëdf !(#% sf uf]vf{ ;]jsdf k|sflzt ePsf] n]vdf oL
b'O{ JolStTjnfO{ v'nf ?kn] cfkm\gf] jfs o'4 aGb ug{ r]tfjgL klg lbOPsf] 5 . v'nfnnfO{ bof /Tg zfSo
cd]l/sfdf h8f ;dfP/ a;]sf]n] o; s[\/fsf] v[\nf;f xf]; eGg] rfxgf klxn] b]lvg} lyof] . o;sf] ;To
tYo hfFr ug{ g]kfnL ;flxTo cWoog ;ldlt / pkf;s j|b;{nfO{ lhDdf klg nufPsf] lyof] . sdndl0f
lblIftn] uf]v]{ va/ sfutsf] k|sflzt ;+Vof dWo] !& j6f c+s cfkm\gf] dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnodf /x]
sf] 7x/ u/]klg lblIft;Fu ePsf] ;a} klqsf k|fKt ePsf] rflx+ xf]Og . o; afx]s c? cs+ klg x'gkg]
{ ;+efjgf w]/} /x]sf] t/ of] lsg ;a}sf] ;fd' cfPg eGg] k|Zg cem} cg'Ql/t 5 / o;sf] k5fl8 s] cf}
lrTo 5 eGg] sf/0f cem} /x:osf] ue{df g} n's]sf] 5 . Ps k|sf/n] d oL k|wfgx? k|lt cfef/ JoSt
u5'{ lsgeg] pgLx?n] cfkm'– cfkm'df dt leGgtf hgfP/ klg cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfo{k|lt OdfGbf/ eO{ of]
ubfg lbO{ cfPsf 5g\ .
;g\ !(%! Dff sf7df8f}+sf] O6'daxfn, g/b]jLdf hGd]sf bofn] :gfsf]Q/, o'lgel;{6L ckm cf]/]ug, o"lhg,
cf]/]ugaf6 k|fKt u/] . pgn] sflnDkf]Ë sn]h / ljBfno s'd'lbgL xf]D;\af6 !(&@ df cfkm\gf] lzIff xfl;n
u/] . pgn] o; afx]s efiff lj1fgdf o'lgel;{6L ckm cf]/]ugaf6 :gfsf]Q/ ug'{sf] ;fy} lqe'jg o'lgel;{6L,
g]kfnaf6 g]kfnL tyf g]kfn efiff / ;flxTodf 1fg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
;g\ !(** df cd]l/sfdf pgL g]jfM efiffsf] cWoog kl/of]hgfdf sfd ubf{ pgn] w]/} cGo sfd klg
u/] h:t} – ;Dkfbs, cg';Gwfg ;xfos, lkmN8 ;xfos, efiff ;+k|]ifs cflb . oL sfd u/] jfkt pgn]
k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg klg kfPsf 5g \. pgL cd]l/sfdf /x]sf g]jf M ;d'bfo / g]kfnLx?sf] nfuL dfq sfddf
;dlk{t geP/ ljZjel/ g} sfd ug{ ?lr /fVb5g\ . clxn] cfP/ (WNO) sf] tkm{af6 klg o; sfd
k|lt glhlsPsf 5g\ . pgsf] olx sfdn] pgnfO{ w]/] h;f] ;+;f/sf] ljleGg b]z h:t} Ol08of, hfkfg,
xËsË, yfONof08, tyf cd]l/sfsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf k'/\ofPsf] 5 . xfn pgL cfkm\gf] wd{kTgL ho>L, 5f]/f
;'bLk / 5f]/L eLdfsf] ;fydf kf]6{Nof08, cf]/]ugdf a:b} cfPsf 5g\ .
pgsf] cGo cu|+hL, g]kfnL / g]kfn efiffsf n]v /rgfsf] j0f{g ug{ ;fob} o; kfgfdf 7fpF vfln xf]nf .
t/ klg pgsf] s]xL k|sfzgsf] af/]df k|sfz ub{5', h'g o; k|sf/ 5– g]jf cfO8]lG66L, g]kfn lnkL O–
hg{n, hfkfg–g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|, 6f]Sof], hfkfg, l/hg ljxfG8 b l8Sn/]zg ckm g]jfM c6f]gf]d;\ l/hg
/ ef]O;]h ckm s|fO km|d g]kfn d08n, NACSS a'n]l6g, NACSS, USA; , o;\ e/;];\ gf] cg
km]8]/nLHd, Pg On]S6|f]lgs kf]6{n sd]G6, g]kfn Go"h 86 sd, l8efOg P08 l;s|]6 ;fO6\;, c ;f];{ ckm
sNr/ km/ ;]Kfm\6L P08 ;]So'l/6L Og g]kfn d08n, Unf]anfOh]zg ckm g]jfM Nofu+j]h, n;s'; hg{n,
NOA USA, xfp l6a]6f] ad{g Oh g]kfn efiff, g]jfM lj1fg, INBSS, kf]6{Nof08, cf]/]ug, x" cf/ lj
g]kfnL, g]knLh c/ l;DKnL g]jfM b s|fOl;; ckm cfO8l]G66L Og g]kfn, u'7L hg{n, PPG, UK @))*,
/ Og ;r{ ckm :ofs|]8 ;|fOg ckm g]jf/f]nf]hL, dltgf, Sjf6/nL, n08g UK. lo n]v /rgf afx]s pgL
g]kfnLh ITI ;le{;]hsf ;+rfns, efiff ;+k|]ifs klg x'g \. pgn] c+u|]hL, g]kfnL, g]jfM / lxGbL efiff afx]s
hfkflgh, hd{g, :k]lg; / cGo g]kfnsf hflto efiff nufot ;+:s[t / ltAatL ;Fu klg kl/lrt 5g\ .
pgL oxfF klxnf] k6s cfpFbf g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof o'lhg / kf]6{Nof08 u/]/ $) dfq lyof] eg] clxn] #%)
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnLx?nfO{ oxfF s:tf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgn] eg] – g]
kfnLx?nfO{ ;xh, c;n, zflGtlk|o / ;Rrf gful/s eg]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . pFxfsf] cg';f/ oxfF hf] o'jf
k':tf cfPsf 5g\ pgLx?df cfkm\gf] snf, efiff, ;flxTo / Oltxf; af/] rf;f] / l;Sg] efjgf a9\g] u/]sf]
5, ha pgLx? oxfF cfPkl5 To; If]qdf cfkm\gf] sdL dx;'; u5{g\ . efiff / ;flxTo l;sfpgsf] ;fy–
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