Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

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44 Applying Pharmacogenomics in TherapeuticsDNA fragmentation5’3’3’5’5’ 3’3’5’ 5’ 3’3’ 5’End polishDNA5’ phosphateILMN P5ILMN P75’3’3’5’Ion AIon P1Adaptor ligation5’3’5’3’3’5’3’5’5’3’3’5’Library amplification5’3’5’3’3’5’3’5’5’3’3’5’Template enrichmentATC GAT .....TAGCSequence determinationATC GAT .....TA G CpH changeFluorescenceTIon torrent platformTIllumina platformFIGURE 2.3 Overview of next-generation sequencing workflow. Fragmented DNAs are endpolished,ligated with platform-specific adapters (ILMN P5, ILMN P7, Ion A, Ion P1, etc.),and amplified to generate sequencing libraries. Different sequencing platforms (Ion Torrent orIllumina) use different enrichment methods (beads-based or flow cell–based) and sequencingstrategies (pH or fluorescence changes during strand synthesis) to reveal sequence information.
Principles of Pharmacogenetic Biotechnology and Testing in Clinical Practice45Nevertheless, it is foreseeable that in the near future, NGS will be an indispensableapproach to probing genetic changes relevant to numerous diseases.CONCLUDING REMARKSToday, traditional nucleic acid analysis methods, such as the Sanger sequencingmethod, and more advanced technologies, such as NGS, coexist to serve differentneeds in biomedical analyses. These new technologies have expanded the useof pharmacogenomics in numerous medical areas, including but not limited topain management, cardiology, oncology, pathology, and psychiatry. In forensicpathology, these technologies may be used to determine the cause of nontraumaticdeaths (Karch 2007). Pharmacogenomic tests are also used to identify cancerpatients who are most likely to respond to certain cancer drugs (Lee and McLeod2011). For psychiatric patients, pharmacogenomic tests will provide tools for betterdrug selection and more informative side effect amelioration (Gardner et al.2014). Similarly, pharmacogenomics will improve the treatment of cardiovasculardisorders, where a patient’s possible response to drugs, including warfarin, clopidogrel,β blockers, and statins, may be determined by identifying the genotypesof genes involved in the efficacy and metabolism of the affected drugs (Turnerand Pirmohamed 2014). In the near future, technological advances will likelytransform pharmacogenetics into an indispensable tool for pharmacists and cliniciansto evaluate, guide, and monitor various treatments for a broad variety ofdiseases.STUDY QUESTIONS1. Which of the following is not a common genetic variation?a. DNA methylationb. Nucleotide insertions and deletionsc. Copy-number variationsd. Chromosomal rearrangements2. Which pair of patients will most likely have similar responses to a drug?a. Two strangersb. A married couplec. Father and sond. Identical twins3. Sanger sequencing is also called:a. Chemical sequencing methodb. Chain-termination methodc. Shotgun sequencing methodd. TaqMan method4. A polymerase chain reaction requires the following ingredient:a. ATPb. RNAc. RNA polymerased. DNA polymerase
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DedicationWe dedicate this book to
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11 PharmacoeconogenomicsA Good Marr
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Pharmacoeconomics of Pharmacogenomi
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BIOMEDICAL SCIENCEApplying Pharmaco
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Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

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