Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

20 Applying Pharmacogenomics in Therapeutics
TABLE 1.2
Pharmacogenomic Online Resources
Resource Website Description
US Food and Drug
Administration
Center for Disease Control
and Prevention
Pharmacogenomics
Knowledge Base
(PharmGKB)
Pharmacogenomics Education
Program (PharmGenEd)
National Human Genome
Research Institute
Genetics/Genomics
Competency Center for
Education
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/
ScienceResearch/
ResearchAreas/
Pharmacogenetics/
ucm083378.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/
genomics/gtesting/
guidelines.htm
http://www.pharmgkb.org/
http://pharmacogenomics.
ucsd.edu
http://www.genome.gov/
Education/
http://www.g-2-c-2.org
Table of pharmacogenomic
biomarkers in drug labels
Lists of pharmacogenomic
testing guidelines
Lists of drugs and
corresponding
pharmacogenomic
information and guidelines
Evidence-based lecture videos
and slides
Various educational materials
about genetics and genomics
Provides reviews and
organizes educational
resources through an
interdisciplinary
collaborative exchange
and trainers, provides evidence-based lecture videos and slides on pharmacogenomic
concepts and clinical applications in various areas. 156,157 The NHGRI website provides
resources such as a glossary of genetic terms, fact sheets, the human genome project,
and links to genetic education resources. The G2C2 website maps competencies in
various genetics/genomics areas and links to available educational resources.
The need for disseminating pharmacogenomic information to healthcare professional
students is on the rise. In a 2005 survey conducted by Latif et al., 39%
of US Doctor of Pharmacy programs reported offering pharmacogenomics in
their curriculum; 158 in comparison, a 2009 survey conducted by Murphy et al.
showed that 89.3% of US pharmacy schools included pharmacogenomics in their
curriculum. 159 Even though an increasing number of pharmacy schools have incorporated
pharmacogenomic content into their curriculum, the depth and clinical
applicability may be limited. 159 Furthermore, the majority did not have plans for
faculty development in this area. 159 In US and Canadian medical schools, 82% in
2010 reported having incorporated pharmacogenomics into their curriculum; however,
only 28% had more than 4 hours of the required didactic pharmacogenomic
coursework. 160 In nursing schools, 70% in 2005 reported having had some genetics
course content in their curriculum; however, they indicated offering <1 hour or
between 1 and 5 hours of genetics education. 161 The future directions of pharmacogenomic
education for healthcare professionals will require competency-based