Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

266 Applying Pharmacogenomics in Therapeutics
lack of pharmacogenomic study. They will probably increase the risk of treatment
failure or adverse reactions alone or in combination with other drugs.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Although the current experimental evidence and population studies cannot provide
sufficiently clear recommendations on personalized CAM based on genetic characteristics,
experience has already been accumulated in the interactions between
SNPs and vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and natural herbs. These CAM-based
pharmacogenomic research results are critical to repeated tests in different population
or races. Existing evidence for gene–CAM interaction is not particularly strong,
and many studies are limited by a short period of observation, small sample size, or
flawed experimental design. Future studies need to improve based on the past results
on experimental design, sufficient certainty, randomized samples, longer observation
period, and more strict inclusion criteria. We hope that in the coming years,
CAM-related pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics can achieve more solid,
repeatable, and high-quality results, accelerating individualized CAM.
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Which of the choices belong to CAM?
a. Prescription drugs
b. Traditional medicine
c. Chinese medicine
d. Folk medicine
2. Vitamins are reported to be affected by genetic polymorphisms
including_____?
a. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
3. The elements below are macroelements in the human body except for___?
a. Calcium
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon
d. Potassium
4. Herbal medicines, responses, such as ___, are influenced by genetic variations
and consequently differences in herb–drug interactions.
a. Cranberry juice
b. Magnesium
c. Ginkgo
d. St. John’s wort
5. Which of the following processes are influenced by pharmacogenomics?
a. Absorption
b. Distribution
c. Metabolism
d. Excretion